Crimminal Detection Essay

â€Å"Criminal investigations, in the standard case, are oriented towards cracking unsolved crime, identifying perpetrators, launching prosecutions, proving guilt at trial and bringing offenders to justice† (Paul Roberts in Tim Newburn et al, 2007: 95). How are criminal detection and/or investigation moulded and shaped by political, social and/or cultural forces? Criminal detection and proceedings never exist or function independently, the system, as a whole is an inherently complex network of interacting parties, procedures and forces. The shaping of criminal detection by both social and political forces arguably has positive and negative implications for the efficiency and effectiveness of the criminal justice system. The role and influence of information as knowledge or data shapes the investigation socially, there is a reliance on them to solve or reconstruct the crime in the most accurate way possible. The control of policy and legislation over the investigation both facilitates and constrains the pursuit of justice within the criminal justice system. The lack of research, transparency and understanding of investigative practices has resulted in a number of miscarriages of justice that evidently illustrate that politics has a substantial influence on the criminal detection and investigation process. Criminal detection and investigation is inevitably shaped by its social surroundings, as the nature of crime scene investigation has progressed and changed throughout history the external influences have also changed â€Å" criminal proceedings inevitably reflect their broader social environment â€Å" (Williams & Johnson, 2007). The reactive nature of criminal investigation calls for the collection of information in the form of data and knowledge. Knowledge is based around roles of individuals at the crime scene, potentially having beneficial and adverse effects on shaping the outcom e of the investigation. Police have the power to establish a crime scene under Parts 7 of Law Enforcement (Powers and Responsibilities Act 2002 (NSW) however can failure to recognize and do just that. The recognition of a crime scene and the first respondents actions can shape the remainder of the investigation, failure to establish a crime scene can result in the loss of evidence and loss of potential witnesses â€Å"the sooner the recording of the scene begins, the more confident the crime scene examiner (and the investigator) can be in their perspectives and opinions regarding the event (Garrison 2003:73). Furthermore the effective control of a crime scene inregards to roles, coordination and order is shaped by the relationships and understandings between relevant parties. Not understanding the chain of command, policies and procedures can be problematic as each separate party acting as sole entities can result in a an inefficient crime scene and wasted resources. The reliance on expert opinion in today’s society is reflected in criminal detection, â€Å"evidence law requires opinions about forensic interpretation to be presented by a person with specialized knowledge based on training, study or experience that substantially or wholly supports the opinion.† (Gans and Urbas, 2002) However consequently there are issues of relevance, over extended expertise and disagreements or differing opinions on evidence presented. It is normal for reports to encourage the production of reconstruction account of the actions of suspects of crime without indicating how it was made possible, it is formulated general matter based on accumulation professional experts (Williams & Johnson, 2007). Problems with exerts is further extended by the relationship they may have with other parties such as police, pressure and anxiety on forensic scientist to make findings of certainty can result in the misinterpretation or intentional or unintentional obscuring of facts. â€Å"relevant body samples were obtained, their secure transportation to a laboratory, their analysis and the detection and recording of DNA profiles can all come under scrutiny in the court process.† (Gans and Urbas, 2002) The law under Police investigation and questioning powers – Part 9 of †¨Law Enforcement (Powers and Responsibilities) Act 2002 †¨(NSW) stipulates the way information can be gained from individuals however statutory safeguards such as the ‘right to remain silent’ and human nature (unclear memory or description) can result in false or fragmented information. The corroboration or falsification of knowledge obtained through interviews with suspects, witnesses, victims and experts is done through the collection of knowledge through data. Criminalistics and trace-centred forensics is motivated by â€Å" the desire to overcome the ambiguities and interpretative flexibility inherent in human perception† Burney and Pemberton (2013). Data is obtained through the collection of samples of blood, hair, finger prints etc. Data as a means of detection is grounded in Locard’s (1910) theory that if two or more items come into contact, there will be a transfer of material between the two. Development in technology has resulted in an  increased reliance on detection through forensic science measures such as DNA profiling and fingerprint analysis, with DNA featuring in Australian cases from 1989 to the present-day. (Freckelton & Selby 2002,) Forensic evidence and DNA matching from the scene can help to confirm suspicion if there is a posit ive match or insinuate innocence if the match is negative. As in a larger societal context there is an assumption that science deluges ‘ the truth’ in a criminal detection process this can have detrimental affects and has results in cases of miscarriages of justice â€Å"In Australia there have also been several prominent miscarriages of justice, including convictions based substantially on questionable scientific evidence (Carrington et al. 1991). DNA is not always relevant to cases and does not automatically correlate to guilt for example the presence of semen does not prelude rape, as the issue is based on consent. Criminal detection and investigation is shaped by the political landscape in which it exists. The polices, regulations and expectations set by the government and criminal justice system affect the manner is which the investigation is carried out there is a â€Å" background were biometric technologies have been eagerly embraced by the government, and where claims have been made about their efficiency and authorit y† (Williams & Johnson, 2007). The law both constrains and facilities the pursuit for justice in regards to investigation. There is a need for police to find those responsible for criminal actions and protection of the public but also maintain a balance with individual liberties and human rights legislation. The manner in which policing is shaped by policy is evident in the investigative process of obtaining DNA. Police are bound by the Crimes (Forensic Procedures) Act 2000 (NSW), under which they are able to obtain DNA from individuals in various forms through both ‘intimate’ and ‘non-intimate’ procedures. Magistrates can ultimately overall individuals who do not consent to testing, resulting in intrusive procedures and breach’s of privacy all in the pursuit if justice. The political landscape further affects the investigation process through the procedures surrounding the presentation of DNA in courts. DNA evidence can and has been misinterpreted by the Jury and the Magistrate, for example R v Doheny and Adams [1997] 1 Cr App R 369. Prosecutor’s fallacy evidently depicts the issue power and influence of DNA in regards to sentencing and the need to reach a conviction â€Å"an error in relation to  probabilities that usually favors the prosecution. The forensic scientist could make the error in presenting DNA evidence by misrepresenting its probative value.† (Australian Law Reform Commission, 44.28) Polices in regard to presenting DNA need to reflect the complexity and interpretive nature of criminal forensics. Politics significantly shapes the criminal investigative process, evidently not always in a positive way. There is an understandable need to protect the community, however the issues in retrieving and presenting samples of DNA raise serious concerns of human rights issues and politics shaping criminal investigation in an undesirable way. The criminal justice system does not operate in a vacuum; it is influenced by its surroundings in both a political and social way. Evidently individuals participating in the criminal detection and investigative process are influenced by their professional relationships, roles and duties they have. The collection of data to reconstruct crimes presents issues with establishment, control and coordination of crimes scenes and how the effectiveness and efficiency is shaped by the interaction of relevant individuals. Technology’s influence and prominent position within society and everyday life unmistakably influences the criminal detection process. With a shift towards relying on new technologies such as DNA analysis and finger printing to provide the ‘truth’. Furthermore the political context in which the investigation and detection process exist plays a major role. External political pressure to prosecute affects the investigative process. Politics shapes the way in which police can carry out their job, they are both constrained and facilitated by the law. in the same context individual liberties and rights are subject to manipulation during the investigative process in the search for justice. Social and political forces influence the criminal investigation and detection process in a multifaceted and complicated way, which changes as the external environment changes. Bibliography Australian Law Reform Commission (ALRC), Australian Health Ethics Committee (AHEC) of the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Essentially Yours: The Protection of Human Genetic Information in Australia (ALRC Report 96), Part 44.28 May 2003 Burney, I and Pemberton, N ‘Making space for criminalistics: Hans Gross and fin-de- siecle CSI’, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 44: 16-25. 2013 Carrington, K., Dever, M., Hogg, R., Bargen, J. & Lohrey, A. (eds) , Travesty: Miscarriages of Justice, Academics For Justice, Kensington, New South Wales. 1991 Gans, J and Urbas, G ‘†DNA Identitifcation in the Crimminal Justice System No.226 Trends and Issues in the Criminal Justice System † Australian Institute of Criminology, May, 2002 http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/A/8/7/%7BA8774CDA-3A9A-4445-9D88-583757A48003%7Dti226.pdf Garrison D ‘Crime Scene Investigation as a Patrol Function’, Law & Order 51(11), 70–3, 2003 Freckleton, I. & Selby, H. (eds.) , Expert Evidence (looseleaf), Lawbook Co., Sydney. 2002 Locard’s (1910) University of Lyons, France, developed what is known as the Locard Exchange Principle in 1910 Williams, R and Johnson, P (2007) â€Å"Trace biometrics and criminal investigations† in Tim Newburn, Tom Williamson & Alan Wright (eds) (2007) H andbook of Criminal Investigation, Willan Publishing, UK, pp 357-380.

Trends in Cad Industry

INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE INDUSTRY CAD SOFTWARE HISTORY CAD software, also referred to as Computer Aided Design software and in the past as computer aided drafting software, refers to software programs that assist engineers and designers in a wide variety of industries to design and manufacture physical products ranging from buildings, bridges, roads, aircraft and automobiles, large aerospace and automotive companies, ships and cars to digital CAD CAM software (‘CAM' is the acronym for Computer Aided Machining). Sketchpad was the world's first CAD software but the first commercial CAM software system, a Dr. Patrick J. Hanratty. For that reason it is Dr. Hanratty who is most often referred to as â€Å"the father First-generation CAD software systems were typically 2D drafting applications developed by a manufacturer's internal IT group (often collaborating with university researchers) and prim arily intended to automate repetitive drafting chores. The first CAD/CAM software tools emerged in the late 1950s and early 60s for use by automobile and airplane manufacturers with highly detailed McDonnell-Douglas (CADD released in 1966), Ford (PDGS released in 1967), Lockheed (CADAM AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CAD SOFTWARE INDUSTRY CAD software, or computer-aided design software, is used to expedite the process of 2-D and 3-D design and drafting. CAD software can be used on projects as small as a single room in a house, such as a kitchen or bathroom, or as large as a municipal master plan. CAD software also lets engineers and manufacturers design components such as car parts or circuit boards; this process is referred to as CAM, or computer-aided manufacturing. Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computer technology for the design of objects, real or virtual. CAD often involves more than just shapes. As in the manual drafting of technical and engineering drawings, the output of CAD often must convey also symbolic information such as materials, processes, dimensions, and tolerances, according to application-specific conventions. and technical manuals. The modern ubiquity and power of computers means that even perfume bottles and shampoo dispensers are designed using techniques unheard of by engineers of the 1960s. Because of its enormous economic importance, CAD has been a major driving force for research in computational geometry, computer graphics (both hardware and software), and discrete differential CAD enables designers to lay out and develop work on screen, print it out and save it for future modeling, in which case it may be marketed as CADD — computer-aided design and drafting Current Computer-Aided Design software packages range from 2D vector-based drafting systems to The CAD software industry can be used solely for creating 2-D and 3-D designs, other products can be linked to construction cost databases, thus giving users the option to click on a window and see data such as a model number and its cost. Finally, today's CAD systems also provide functionality for Web-based collaboration, for turning 3-D models into animations or videos for prospective clients, and for publishing designs onto surveying applications such as Google Earth. Computer-Aided Design is one part of the whole Digital Product Development (DPD) activity within the Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) process, and as such is used together with other tools, which are either integrated modules or stand-alone products, such as: Computer-aided engineering (CAE) and Finite element analysis (FEA) Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) including instructions to Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines Photo realistic rendering Document management and revision control using Product Data Management (PDM). CAD standards Comparison of CAD editors for AEC (architecture, engineering and construction) Comparison of CAD editors for CAM (computer-aided manufacturing) Comparison of CAD editors for CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) Comparison of Free EDA software (Electronic Design Automation) 3D computer graphics software Comparison of 3D computer graphics software Digital architecture Electronic design automation ISO 128 List of CAD companies Molecular design software INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE COMPANY EGS Computers India Private Limited, since inception in 1993, has been providing solutions in the areas of product design, Validation and Engineering Simulation for customers in India. EGS India is an authorized reseller of SolidWorks CAD/CAE/PDM Software Since 1999. EGS is a World-Wide consulting company in Product Design, Finite Element Analysis, Simulation and Development for Machinery, Automobile OEM's and their suppliers, Agriculture, Automotive, Process, Machine Tool, Material Handling Applications and Special Purpose Machines (SPM) SolidWorks Technical support team at EGS India has been delivering Engineering Design Solutions to demanding customers requirements in applications ranging from automotive, material handling, machinery development to power, process and allied industries world-wide for Services, Software and Training Requirements. EGS India has invested in latest engineering tools in the areas of CAD and FEA to augment the Design Capabilities and Complement Engineering Experience built over years of delivering successful customer-driven solutions. Activities at EGS India Array of Product Design activities ranging from concept design to engineering drawing release while focussing on Fit, Form and Function using SolidWorks for Customers in Chennai, Coimbatore, Bangalore, Pune, Mumbai and Rest of India Simulation and Validation using Finite Element Analysis techniques from Linear to Highly Non-Linear Domains Reseller SolidWorks CAD, SolidWorks Simulation ( Cosmos FEA ), PDMWorks Software Solutions, Chennai, Coimbatore, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India in the areas of Computer Aided Engineering Customization using SolidWorks for Automation of Design functions including Modelling, Drawing Generation and Knowledge Based Engineering Functions ACADEMIX Training on Advanced Engineering functions to augment Design expertise and refine design procedures for accelerated product development using SolidWorks, Cosmos FEA, Nastran, Patran, LMS, Abaqus software. GD & T Training is conducted by EGS India for customers in Chennai, Coimbatore, Bangalore, Pune, Mumbai, New Delhi and other parts of India to help Indian Manufacturers deliver on High Quality Products ACADEMIX, technical training Division of EGS India has contributed to devolution of knowledge in the areas of Design, Validation, Drawing Development using GD&T concepts for numerous companies in India. Software Sales and Support EGS India has been associated with SolidWorks Corporation – USA, as a Value Added Reseller since 1999, delivering Design Solutions to customers in India. Commitment and Passion to help customers in their Design Functions has helped EGS India earn the trust of Companies, Large and Small, India-wide.

Strategic Knowledge Management Technology Essay

The magnitude of the work or activity that qualifies to be a project differs in various states. however, it is very clear that however small the task may be, the need for a project management tool or technique is essential. this will help in the planning stages to achieve successful outcomes. Therefore, project management tool s is required in the project for planning and managing purposes though it is not restricted to business activities. Some of these projects may involve weddings plans and house relocation. Positive results are expected whenever an efficient project management tool is used to avert problem risks and failures. Project management may involve changing or introducing things hence involve in human resources, financial matters, security and various stakeholders among others. In a proper project management, there are about six major steps to be followed such as term of reference, planning, communication, monitoring and project completion among others. During this process, project management tools are fundamental in ensuring the success of the project. This study focus on the 2013 – 2014 relocation project en route projects, which is a consultancy project. There are several tools to be chosen and in this project are communication log a Gantt chart (called project time line) and risk management log (Young, 2003). Each of these tools has its procedures and its benefit as far as this project is concerned. The choice to use Gantt chart tool and its benefits The choice to use the Gantt chart in this assignment is almost obvious in the project management field. The tool is named after the founder Henry Gantt, who invented it a more than a century ago (1910). After the concept was outlined, it was remarkably implemented initially during World War 1. The major use of the Gantt chart at that time was by American general Crozier to manage complex weapon production and logistics operations. Since then, many people have used the tool, especially the work breakdown structure (WBS) that has been relevant until today. To start with, the reason to choose the Gantt charts in my project was that it is an easy-to-use graphical tool among operations and project managers when determining condition of projects. this project includes various activities during the process that require close monitoring over the period to ensure these activities are carried out as planned. As a consultant and the leading project manager, it becomes easy to pay close attention to the progress of the operations to ensure that the functions involved are completed by their scheduled date. Secondly, the choice to use the Gantt chart is intertwined to the efficiency and reliability it has on project management. That is why Gantt and pert charts remain the two major and commonly used graphical tools among managers in making diagrams on the activities engaged in the project. In fact, the existence of the tool since 1910 has proved major tool although in the recent years it has witnessed some drawbacks, as projects are not fixed whereas daily updating may be tiresome. Nevertheless, people have insisted on using the tool as people have faith on it. As a fan in diagrams and charts, i decided to use the Gantt charts for my project because it creates complexity. Pictures bring a bigger idea of a situation like this once you master the art of interpreting them. More so, picture or charts yielded by this tool are easy to understand once studied. In fact, Gantt charts helps in organizing thoughts. This is enhanced through the dividing and conquering concept. On the other hand, the decision to use the Gantt charts was based on its ability to show visibility of the whole project. Once the chart is creating, it was possible to place the chart in either a bigger version of actual version to see the progress. This helped in realizing and reminding me of the objectives as well as when various activities are supposed to take place in the process (Johnson, 2003). This does not require high intellectual ability when interpreting how the project is going on. Largely, the Gantt charts helped in demonstrating to my clients that i know what is doing in my consultation duty. This is reflected after producing nicely presented Gantt chart showing proper organization of high-level tasks as well as resources allocated to these tasks. It generally helped in sending the bigger picture on whether the needs of the project are met or not as well as determining if there will be a success in the project. Lastly, the Gantt charts helped in setting realistic periods. The Gantt chart had bars indicating when a particular task or set of tasks will be completed. As a result, it was possible in planning and arranging various functions in a proper perspective. This help in limiting the events during this projects that may end up using much time and resource yet they could not add any value to the project. By studying the charts, it became easier to focus real issues and saved much of my time (Wilson, 2003). According to Peterson (1991), Gantt charts are fundamental in the planning theory. Planning theory traces its background even during the ancient times. Even in the bible, it depicts how various individual and groups were connecting with agricultural pursuits through planning some of their religious practices. Similarly, governments and other economic groups are as well using the planning theory to determine the profitable times when there is need to allocate the scarce resources. More so, the entrepreneurs have used this to decide when to deliver good s and services. As a result, they have tried to avert risks that may undermine their activities through planning. The choice to use risk management log and its benefit On the second tool used for this project was the risk management log. it is worth noting that project risk management entails a process involved in identifying risks, analyzing risks, developing appropriate responses to risks, and monitoring risk triggers in which as a project manager i had to effectively utilize (Ward, 2003). As a result, it was possible to ensure that risk management is done and that risk triggers were monitored. The decision to use this tool alongside the Gantt chats was the capability to use the tool in identifying, managing, and ranking risks throughout the life of the project. The use of the risk management logs was preferred because it is very brief and direct on point. As a result, it could be easier to explain to the client on the progress of the project as well as explaining on why some activities may delay as risks engulf the functions. On the other hand, it will be easier for the client to realize the probable reasons for projects delay and understanding the risks and threats that may face the project (Rosa, 2013). The tool has a risk management worksheet helped in realizing the types of risks likely to be encountered during the project period. To start with, the general risks were categorized as well as the specific risk. The general risks are noted risks likely to recur throughout the life of the project without a specific date associated with it (Cerner, 2001). On the other hand, the specific risks encompassed risks being associated with a particular date when they may occur during the project period (Bouchaud, & potters, 2000). The clarity on these risks was based on the assumptions or risks based on the probability and the impacts on my project. Depending on the level of probability between probability and impacts on project, various risks were categorized as high, low, or medium. The emphasis should be given to the highly categorized risks to ensure success of the project. On the other hand, the risk management log was chosen because after categorizing the risks it was possible to formulate contingency plan of action on issues triggering the level of risks (smith, 1999). In this case, the tool played a crucial role in organizing various activities related to the en route project. The contingency plan of actions laid safety measures to avert the project failures led by adversities. .the tool demonstrated a clear picture of sequential commencement and closure of various activities involved in the project. The risk categories were determinant factor on the period used on various functions. The use of the risk management tool helped in realizing the risks or threats likely deter the success of the project. It started with risk identification to determine risks likely to affect the project and documenting the characteristics of those risks (wells, 1996/1997). Both the internal and external aspects of the project were tracked in which the emphasis on internal risks was on directly controllable items by the project team whereas the external risks were events happening outside the direct influence of the project team. The tool contribute a final document that is presentable and areas of much interest t=are bolded especially on the probability and impacts. There is a systematic arrangement of causal effects and the outcomes at various stages. This was beneficial in this project in making forecasts and projecting possible changes to avert high risks or threats. With the help of the triggers at the last column, to show ‘how do we know this may be starting to happen?’ Sometimes obvious, but often not. May be worth also noting my responsibility of keeping an eye on this to make alerts on the project. The presence of the ‘contingent actions’ president as to do if the risk does happen (Gottschalk, 2005). . It is useful to think about this at the beginning, as you may need to make preparations or alert people in advance. To repeat, this is all much more important for higher impact/probability risks. Conclusion The presence of various project management tools may sometimes be hard for project managers to chose (Howes, 2001). However, good choice of the appropriate tool will be a milestone in achieving a successful project. In this case, the use Gantt charts and the risk management logs were preferred for their ease and presentation to the client. They made it possible to explain to the client on various stages and expected threats during the project life. The link between the client and the project manager is fundamental to ensure the smooth completion of the project whereas the mutual understanding could help in developing trust and long-term relation to make the projects successful. References Bouchaud, J., & Potters, M. (2000). Theory Of Financial Risks From Statistical Physics To Risk Anagement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gottschalk, P. (2005). Strategic Knowledge Management Technology. Hershey Pa: Idea Group Pub.. Howes, N. R. (2001). Modern Project Management Successfully Integrating Project Management Knowledge Areas And Processes. New York: Amacom. Johnson, J. (2003). Managing Time (4th Ed.). Oxford: Elsevier Science & Technology. Kerzner, H. (2001). Strategic Planning For Project Management Using A Project Management Maturity Model. New York: John Wiley. Rosa, M. (2013). Business Process Management Workshops Bpm 2012 International Workshops, Tallinn, Estonia, September 3, 2012. Revised Papers. Berlin: Springer. Smith, N. J. (1999). Managing Risk In Construction Projects. Oxford: Blackwell Science. Ward, S. (2003). Transforming Project Risk Management Into Project Uncertainty Management. International Journal Of Project Management, 21(2), 97-105. Wells, G. L. (19961997). Hazard Identification And Risk Assessment. Rugby, Warwickshire, Uk: Institution Of Chemical Engineers. Wilson, J. (2003). Gantt Charts: A Centenary Appreciation. European Journal Of Operational Research, 149(2), 430-437. Source document

Neighborhood Watch Research Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Neighborhood Watch Research Study - Essay Example The term social disorganization defines a wide and indefinite range of societal issues. Generally, it refers to a noticeable decline of the behavioral standards because of a lack of authority, or social control, within a specific community. In this environment, what is considered acceptable conduct is not a regular aspect of life as communal organizations do not function as in other, more ‘normal’ communities. This type of situation is most apparent in larger cities that have larger proportions of poor, disenfranchised people but also occurs in pockets of almost all towns. Those cities that are close in proximity to metropolitan areas are more likely to experience the peripheral effects of social disorganization as well as those within their own borders than towns that are geographically isolated. The most prominent and widely recognized theory regarding social disorganization is attributed to Shaw and McKay (1942) although their work has been studied extensively and has undergone a significant evolution since its publication. A case in point, Harvard professor Robert Sampson (1997) and his team supplemented the theory by adding ‘social capital’ and ‘collective efficacy’ to criminological terminology.   Social capital is the level of interdependence within a community and collective efficacy, in simpler terms, is a neighborhood’s capability of maintaining lawful conduct. A societal unit must exhibit an interaction between its authoritative institutions and also among its people, at least a moderate level of social capital, before it can expect any type of advancement in its collective efficacy. In criminology, the theory of routine activities is also frequently considered as a model for the contemporary social disorganization theory.   â⠂¬Å"Routine activities theory holds that in order to eliminate crime anyplace, you need to

Individual Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Individual Project - Research Paper Example In fact, it is among the six sponsors at Partner level in sponsoring the FIFA World Cup. This level is the highest sponsorship level at the FIFA World Cup and comes with the highest cost among all sponsors. In the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa, Coca-Cola enjoyed association with FIFA and exclusive marketing assets as a marketing strategy. Therefore, a crucial consideration would be the significance that this marketing strategy has on the company. The proposed research question is: â€Å"How did the marketing of Coca-Cola at the 2010 FIFA World Cup affect its performance?† To answer this question, datasets on the company’s performance indicator would be retrieved. In this paper, cash flow was used as the performance indicator. Dataset on cash flows for Coca-Cola Company was retrieved from the quarterly financial reports of the company as posted on its website and reported by the media. To further objectively answer the research question, it would be helpful to compare the cash flows posted by Coca-Cola to the costs it incurred in its marketing during the period under focus. These datasets on cash flows and marketing expenditure for Coca-Cola are publicly available. From Bloomberg, Stanford reports that together with the other five partners, Coca-Cola raised between $24 million and $44 million. This is an immense expenditure for the six companies, including Coca-Cola. From the dataset on the quarterly financial postings of Coca-Cola, the cash flows before the 2010 FIFA World Cup were $1.3 billion and $4.3 billion in the first and second quarters respectively; the sales volume during the tournament were $7.2 billion in the third quarter; and the sales after the FIFA World Cup was $9.5 billion in the fourth quarter (Coca-Cola). This indicates a tremendous increase in sales during the tournament and subsequent periods. Consistent results were posted on Bloomberg. From this online dataset,

Utilization Management and Models of Care Research Paper

Utilization Management and Models of Care - Research Paper Example It is also a whole person centered approach that offers a comprehensive care strategies for chronic, acute and end of life care. Finally, the PCHM facilitates the integration and coordination of care thus ensuring that the patients receive the best care and services from their medical neighborhood thus improving quality and safety of the services. Health care facilities that have employed the Chronic Care Model have also been able to achieve their quality and safety goals due to the various beneficial elements inherent in the model. Glasgow, Orleans & Wagner (2001) informs that one of the key ways through which the Chronic Care Model facilitates the achievement of quality and safety goals by coordinating the care delivery process and offering clinical decision support. The model coordinated coordinates decisions and actions of different care givers leading to glycemic control, health care utilization and patient satisfaction. Evidence based decision making is vital in the achievement of safety and quality goals (Coleman, Austin, Brach & Wagner, 2009). The model facilitates the incorporation of evidence based practices into various registries and patient assessment tools thus improving the quality of care offered by the care givers. Shojania, K., Kathryn, M., Grimshaw, J., Sundaram, V., Rushakoff, R. (2006). Effects of quality improvement strategies for type 2 diabetes on glycemic control: a meta-regression analysis.  Journal of the American Medical Association  296(4), 427–440.

Industrial ergonomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Industrial ergonomics - Essay Example Task analysis applies the use of ergonomic sciences. Ergonomics is the field of science that aims at creating tasks and tools that suit employees in their respective duties at the workplace. Ergonomics looks at the tasks, tools, machines, workplace layouts, and the entire organisation to determine their suitability for employees rather than employees fitting to these aspects of an organisation. Therefore, a clear understanding of task analysis plays a key role in assisting supervisors and managers in identifying ergonomic health hazards and creating solutions to eliminate such hazards. With proper measures in place, risks of cumulative trauma disorders, back pains and costs related to treatment of such disorders can be significantly reduced at workplaces (Deeb, 2004). According to Jonassen (1999), on the other hand, task analysis refers to systematic assessment of how tasks are accomplished. In task analysis, serious attention is given to task duration, task frequency, task complexity, task allocation, work environment, clothing and equipments, and employee fitness. Information obtained from task analysis is helpful in various areas within an organisation, which include designing of tools and equipments, selection and training of employees, designing of procedures, and automation within an organisation. Task analysis courses are available for managers, supervisors and persons working in ergonomic committees. People who undertake this course acquire training on conducting ergonomic task analysis by looking into how employees perform their duties, as well as formulating measures that adapt employees to their work. Different methods of task analysis exist, but for one to decide the most suitable method, a good understanding of the analysis to perform is required. There are five types of task analyses that are available that include job analysis, learning analysis, cognitive task analysis, content analysis, and activity analysis. Different

An exploration into the perspectives of working mothers on their young Dissertation

An exploration into the perspectives of working mothers on their young children's social life - Dissertation Example Working mothers face the dual challenging of providing economic support and taking care of the needs of their children. Due to this challenging situation, many working mothers tend to adopt various perspectives depending on their individual situation and priorities. One category that often gets neglected among necessities such as food and education is the influence of social life in the social development of young children. This study tries to explore and find out the various perspectives that working mothers have with regard to the social life of their young children. The study is based on qualitative interviews conducted for different individuals such as working mothers, non-working mothers, children and fathers. It was found that these different categories adopted different perspectives when it came to social life. Purpose and Aims The goal of this study is to understand the way in which being employed changes the perspective of working mother’s towards the social life and social development of their children. The aim is to focus on mothers with young children to explore if there are differences in perspectives between working and non-working mothers. Most researchers who have explored the topic of employed women and effects on children have focussed mostly on the challenges and work life balance. In addition, the research had focus on overall development, but not on social development exclusively. The impact of social development because of the mothers being employed is a topic that has not been explored fully. This research aims to fill up the gap to provide more insights and understanding of the subject. Social life among young children often takes a backseat because a huge amount of the working mother’s time is taken away in catering to the basic necessities such as good food, high quality education and co-curricular activities. As social development is essential in young children, it is important to understand if the involvement of the mot her in social activities proves to be an influence in the way their social life shapes up. In the modern day society, the social development of an individual is as important as any other aspects of development. The way in which any human being behaves in a social set up gets majorly influenced by the social life they encounter during the period when they were young. In such a situation, the perspectives that the mothers have regarding the social life of their young children become important. The concepts of social developed and the influence of mother in this developmental aspect is looked at in a detailed manner in this research. In this research, the category of working mothers refers to mothers who are working full time in an organization and hence, who spend the major part of the day outside the house and away from the children. The category of young children is narrowed down to children who are between the ages of 7 – 14. The research aims to identify the different persp ectives as well as the reasons as to which the working mothers have adopted various perspectives. New mothers who are concerned about the social development of their children can benefit from this research. In addition, child psychologists and counsellors also can understand the various perspectives and the influence that each of these perspectives have on the social life of the children. The specific research questions are to find out the

THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON PROJECT MANAGEMENT Research Paper

THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON PROJECT MANAGEMENT - Research Paper Example Based on these aspects, the report discusses about the impact of social media on project communication management. The objective of the report is to understand the extent to which social media can contribute towards accomplishment of project success. Furthermore, the report also addresses about the crucial social management tools which are helpful for accomplishing good project communication. Keywords: Social media, project management, project communication, success factors, project success Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Background 4 Problem Statement 4 Scope of the Report 5 Objectives of the Report 5 Discussion 5 Background about IT and Social media 5 Background on IT Project Communication Success 5 Literature Survey 6 Contribution of Social Media to Accomplish Project Success 6 Important Social Media Tools for Achieving Effective Project Communication 6 Interpretation of Results 7 Use of Social Media in International Context 8 Use of Social Media in South African Conte xt 9 Recommendations 10 Conclusion 11 Summary 11 Learnings 11 References 12 Introduction The report is based on evaluating the impact of social media on project management. Central to the topic is the accomplishment of good project communication for ensuring project management success. Regardless of better planning, budgeting and scheduling, weak communication among team members can make a project incomplete. Communication plays vital part in leading and integrating team members. Besides, there must be shared vision, where project managers must recognize the interest of every stakeholder and must ensure that the requirements and problems are addressed. Different project activities must be notified and monitored for accomplishing the overall project objectives. Thus, a thorough communication plan is necessary for efficient diffusion of information (Garbharran & et. al., 2009). Project managers require excellent communication skills, which can encourage formal and informal discussion of prospects, innovation, improvement and results. Thus, the subject social media fits perfectly in the topic as it is related with communication. Social media provides the tools and techniques which assist in better interaction. In project management, the success is dependent on how effectively team members interact with each other and accomplish differentiated activities in a cooperative manner. The traditional way of communication is becoming more flexible as social media brings new technology to communicate. There are different applications, which can match with project communication requirements and thus can help project manager to concentrate on critical aspects of projects without neglecting communication (Transformed, 2010). Background Problem Statement Project management teams in present days face increasing pressure for providing strong performance, while simultaneously dealing with different inherent obstacles. These obstacles comprise informal characteristics of team mem bers, continually shifting project requirements, time burdens for project delivery, increasing virtualization of team members and problems of knowledge diffusion across the teams. In reaction to these obstacles, project collaboration expertise and communication techniques are helpful for project team members to perform together in an effective manner and to support in proper delivery of projects. These aspects of projects cause dilemma for proper management of team with appropriate rigor and without

Charles Darwin Essay Example for Free

Charles Darwin Essay Charles Darwin was a British scientist who came up with the idea of the theory of Evolution. He was also a botanist which would be one of the reasons what lead him towards inventing his Theory of Evolution. Why and How? Charles Darwin travelled to the Galapagos Island as a biologist. He travelled on a ship which was undertaking surveys of the Pacific Ocean. His voyage was to examine plants and animals on the islands through which he came up with Theory of Evolution. Charles Darwin came up with his Theory of Evolution after surveying birds on each island he went to. He saw finches but they all had different beaks, one finch had a long beak the other had a short beak and another had a dipping beak. After seeing all this Charles Darwin started thinking and so he thought why does one bird have a long beak and the other have a small beak. During his voyage on the beagle he carried on observing and found fossils and also saw consistent results for which he came up with the theory of evolution. His theory explained that all living things have a common ancestor. The finches he discovered had different beaks and so he came up with the conclusion that all of these finches had a common ancestor and then they a ll evolved from that common ancestor. Hypothesis Charles Darwin’s hypothesis was that every living thing has a common ancestor and that we all evolve from that common ancestor. His reason for us all evolving was that so we can adapt with the nature around us and survive. For example giraffes have long necks, according to Charles Darwin these giraffes had a common ancestor who had short necks from time to time a mutation resulted in a giraffe having a long neck. The reason being is so that, the giraffe could reach the trees better and get extra food and be more prone to stay alive and reproduce than all of the other giraffes. Eventually, the attribute would be passed down until generally most giraffes had long necks. Evidence and proof Jean Baptise Lamarck, who was a French naturalist, discovered his own theory before Charles Darwin discovered his Theory of Evolution. Lamarck’s theory was that organisms would pass their attribute down to their generations for example if someone was to loos their arm then their coming baby would be born without a arm and then it would get passed down the generation and then eventually you would find most people without an arm. Charles Darwin’s theory contradicted to Lamarck’s theory and so people didn’t believe in his Theory of Evolution. Also Charles Darwin lacked in evidence because he had no evidence that all the finches have a common ancestor or that all organisms have an common ancestor and so because of him not having enough evidence he lacked proof and so his theory wasn’t reliable.

Disadvantages Of In Store Shopping Marketing Essay

Disadvantages Of In Store Shopping Marketing Essay ABSTRACT: SHOPPING: In this paper I would like to investigate about the topic depends upon shopping. In shopping there are two ways to purchase the product. One is online shopping and other one is In-store shopping. Every human being is aware of shopping even for a small product. ONLINE SHOPPING: Online shopping is the most easiest and perfect way for the people to purchase their products. Most of the people addicted to online shopping. Thousands of websites are available for online shopping. Online shopping is thus very helpful for the people who purchase the product in daily basis. To purchase the product through online, customer should own a pc or laptop. It is not in particular that he should own pc or laptop. But main thing is the computer, if people need to purchase through online. Now a day the world is growing enormously in many technologies. Many modern new technology mobile phones do have internet facilities. So it is the other way for the people to purchase the product through mobile phones if they got internet connection. There are some requirements needed to purchase the product through online. A customer should have a valid email address, so that they get the confirmation of the product what they have ordered. The next thing is customer should have a pay-pal acc ount or credit/debit card to pay the amount for their product. If the payment is credited in sellers account the product will be delivered through postage to the concerned address of the customer within the due date mentioned. And there are advantages and disadvantages in online shopping. They are going to be listed below. ADVANTAGES OF ONLINE SHOPPING: With the advent of ubiquitous technology, the trend of online shopping has gained increasing popularity. Additionally, in an age where businesses have become highly competitive, online shopping is viewed as a means to reach consumers worldwide.  Ã‚  There are several online shopping websites that offer a range of products and services to customers. The primary advantage of online shopping is regarded as convenience. This factor encompasses both time and effort spent on shopping. Many consumers believe that is easier to find a product online, as opposed to finding it in a store. Further, online shopping provides one with the luxury to shop from any preferred location and no time is wasted on travel from ones home to a store. Moreover, the availability of Internet without any time restrictions enables shoppers to spend as much time as they need in choosing a product. Another beneficial characteristic of online shopping is the availability of reviews on a chosen product. There are multiple forums for consumers to exchange information online and make a wiser, more informed decision. In addition to the benefits it offers to individuals, online shopping saves human labour as customers help themselves by browsing online and do not require assistance. Moreover, consumers are more inclined to make a decision solely based on their preferences as they are freed from the pressure to buy from vendors. Online shopping also offers consumers with an infinite variety to choose from, as the Internet is not restricted by geographical boundaries. Shoppers have the option of browsing through a wide range that has the potential to satisfy them. Product comparison, by way of price, features, etc. is more easily facilitated with online shopping, whilst involving minimal effort. DISADVANTAGES: Although there are advantages to online shopping, there are a number of demerits as well. On account of privacy issues, many people do not shop online. This is regarded as the primary reason for non-online shoppers. Credit card fraud and use of personal information for other purposes are other major concerns.  Ã‚   Another concern is around inability to experience fully functional products, such as apparel, perfume, electronics, etc. online. Illustratively, many consumers feel apprehensive about purchasing clothes as they cannot feel the texture or check the colour closely online, when compared to shopping in a retail store.  Ã‚  This goes on to show that product category risk is a significant disadvantage to online shopping. Put differently, many online shoppers feel that products may not be as functional as they appear when viewed online. Another disadvantage that comes to the forefront is that despite having a plethora of choices online, consumers may have limited cognitive resources and in all likelihood, may not be able to process potentially vast amounts of information.  Ã‚  Additionally, in this day and age, shopping is more than choosing and buying a product. It is often regarded as a good means to making social connections. People enjoy shopping with friends and family and this joy may be lost when shopping independently online. Finally, as is evident, the use of a computer and an Internet connection is a pre-requisite for online shopping. This ensures that only consumers above a certain income and those that are technologically well versed avail of the facility. INSTORE SHOPPING: In-store shopping, in the recent years has faced a strong competition with online shopping. It is not an easy task to rate the better mode of shopping and both means have their highs and lows. While a mass of people might still prefer shopping in store due to aesthetics and convenience, some others who are more well- versed with the internet and its usages would opt for shopping online as that is more feasible for them. Online and in store shopping may be compared in terms of convenience, quality checks, aesthetics, special offers and method of payment. Given below are some advantages and disadvantages of in store shopping: ADVANTAGES OF IN STORE SHOPPING: The main advantage of in-store shopping is the ability to visibly see the products while buying them. Transactions are immediate and there is no need to wait for products to be shipped and delivered to you. There are no issues facing customers such as tracking parcels, shipment to wrong addresses, etc making in- store shopping all the more easy to handle. When it comes to food articles, for instance it is essential to be aware of the manufactured and expiry dates, quality standards of the products as well as thorough comparison between various brands and product ranges. Another convenience is the ability to choose your method of payment- be it via a credit card or by cash. You also have the enjoyment of shopping in store with appropriate ambiences and customer services provided by staff. You receive adequate information on products if need be and can depend on shop floor assistants to help you out with any queries. Since there is no usage of the internet and computer during in- store shopping it eliminates the fear of privacy issues relating to bank details and debit/ credit numbers. With rising chances of frauds in todays world of business, people prefer to be more precautious and shop in- store. (Associated content, 2007). Although a majority of the world is now becoming tech savvy, there is still a major portion of the world that dislikes the use of computers and the internet and would prefer buying their products in- store. DIS- ADVANTAGES OF IN- STORE SHOPPING: The main disadvantage would be in terms of convenience. People may not have the time to leisurely commit to shopping in- store and therefore prefer buying products online. Customers who prefer a wide range of products under one roof may not find shopping in- store ideal due to its limited reliability. Availability of stocks can also be an issue if inefficient stock controls exist. Another key drawback is the disability to access stores 24 hours. People who work late hours prefer ordering products online as it is inconvenient to them to find to visit stores. Another disadvantage of in- store shopping can be the lack of discounted prices and offers around the year. It is witnessed that stores have sales and best buys only on occasions such as Christmas, New Year, etc. As opposed to this online shopping, for example is viable to have discounts throughout the year attracting many more customers who prefer this mode of shopping. Due to the need of efficient staff and assistants in the sto ck rooms and shop floors, inefficiencies of the same can cause a huge damage to reputation of the company in relation to customer service and availability of products. This also goes with customers being treated with dis-respect by members of staff and not providing the right information. Although in- store shopping has its disadvantages, it should be stated that it is still a much sought after method of shopping. DATA COLLECTION: For researching this type of problem there are numerous ways in data collection. This data collection is used to collect the data from the people to know what they think from their side by looking our data. FOCUS GROUP: Focus group interview is called as qualitative data collection. The focus group interview is a challenge for most researchers. It is a group of people interview. The focus group interview is the method used by the members of people to collect the data. The focus group interview is conducting with 10 to 15 people. In focus group we will get different answers from different people and will be an argument with them while doing the interview. The interviewer will gather much information about their topic what they focussed on the focus group with the people. In focus group the information gathered by the interviewer makes a good statistics for their topic to investigate. They will get valid points for their topic from the focus group interview people and will do their research with their conclusions. QUESTIONNAIRE: Questionnaire is the other methods to collect data. Questionnaire method is called as quantitative data collection. It is the best way to gather large amount of data from the people in a possible way. The questionnaire satisfies the user needs. It allows a person who answers a request for information carefully without when someone tries to interfere in a situation like interview. By doing this questionnaire we can gather large amount of information from people at the same time. The way of questionnaire is standard, because it has many more objective comparing with interviews. The questionnaire is the shortest way to gather information from the people because we will give the choice to pick one among them. So people who are participating in the questionnaire dont need to waste their time to think for their answers. Options will be provided in the questionnaire. So the people who are conducting questionnaire will get the response easily from the participants for their answers. INTERVIEW: In interview there are many ways. But the interview stands as a main and major part in human beings life. Everyone do attend interview to get in a high position and for the money. Without interview the world in empty. Interview makes the man perfect. Thus interview proves the person bout their ability, strength and weakness. Face to face interview plays a major role in interview. There are many interview methods are there. They are In-depth interview Direct interview Formal interview Informal interview Structured interview Unstructured interview This is also one of the way to collect data collection. STATISTICAL DATA: Age 18-25 26-35 36-50 Above 50 Gender Male Female Ethnic Background White British Asian (Please Specify) ___________________________________________________ Asian British Black or Black British-African What kind of shopping do you prefer? On-line shopping In-store shopping Do you have internet facility at your home? Yes No Do you think On-line shopping saves your time? Yes No Do you have basic computer knowledge? Yes No How often do you purchase? Most Often Often Rarely Average Never What do you mostly buy through online? Clothes Gadgets Tickets Food Beverages All the above Others (Please specify)_____________________________ What makes you to purchase the product? Brand-name Quality Cost Depends upon the shop Do you think paying money for the product in online is secure? Yes No Not sure What service would you prefer for settling the amount? Pay-pal Credit/ debit Cheque Cash Is Variety of globally product the Factors Influencing Online Shopping Decision? Strongly agree Agree Average Disagree Strongly disagree Null Hypothesis H0: There is no difference between the shopping trends of UCLAN students, considering the students who shop online and the students who shop in-store, all the students belonging to UCLAN. Alternative Hypotheses H1: There is a difference between the shopping trends of UCLAN students, considering the students who shop online and the students who shop in-store, all the students belonging to UCLAN. NULL HYPOTHESIS H0: Considering question 4 8 from questionnaire o find Null Hypothesis. What kind of shopping do you prefer? On-line shopping In-store shopping How often do you purchase? Most Often Often Rarely Average Never CONTINGENCY TABLE R: To find the contingency R the question 8 is splitted with question 4 to find the test result R. Most Often Often Rarely Average Online Shopping 26 12 4 8 In-store Shopping 13 8 4 5 Most Often and Often are merged in Most Often/Often. Most Often/Often Rarely Average Online Shopping 38 4 8 In-store shopping 21 4 5 The total no of Online Shopping and In-store Shopping Most Often/Often Rarely Average Total Online Shopping 38 4 8 50 In-store shopping 21 4 5 30 To find the value of E: (Row total * column total) E = Overall total The E should be calculated by Most Often/Often Rarely Average O E O E O E Online shopping 38 36.875 4 5 8 8.125 In-store Shopping 21 22.125 4 3 5 4.875 CHI SQUARE: TEST STATISTICS: X 2 = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ [(O-E)2/E] Observed Frequency (O) Expected Frequency(E) [(O-E)2/E] 38 36.875 0.034 21 22.125 0.057 4 5 0.2 4 3 0.333 8 8.125 0.001 5 4.875 0.03 Total 0.655 X 2 = 0.655 CRITICAL VALUES: Degree of freedom is calculated by Critical Values. Degree Of Freedom= ( rows 1) * ( columns 1) = (2 1) * ( 3- 1) = 2 Degrees of freedom 5% significance level 1% significance level 0.1% significance level 2 5.99 9.21 13.82 The values calculated by chi square x2 > 5%, 1% and 0.1%. The value of x2= 0.655 is not a in a significance level for 5% level. Hence there is a strong statement for null hypothesis stating that there is no difference between the shopping trends of UCLAN students, considering the students who shop online and the students who shop in-store, all the students belonging to UCLAN. So there will be no use of testing alternative test.