A Discussion And Analysis Of Same Sex Marriage - 1825 Words

â€Å"A Discussion and Analysis of Same-Sex Marriage in the United States† Tranard J. Harvin Dr. Yousuf PLJS 301 - American Government Claflin University November 13, 2015 A Discussion and Analysis of Same-Sex Marriage in the United States Tranard J. Harvin, Claflin University Introduction The notion of same-sex love is as ancient as human love and the question of how it is recognized and understood has bedeviled every human civilization. This institution has existed since the date of Plato’s Symposium and has even been evident in seventeenth-century China and nineteenth century Africa where it was identical to opposite-sex marriage (Sullivan, 2004). Until the fourteenth-century of the Common Era, same-sex unions existed and were†¦show more content†¦This debate is evitable across religious practices and is based on the morale of a number of religious books including the Torah and the Holy Bible. In each of these widely used religious books, the institution of marriage is between a man and woman and any other union is considered an abomination. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and analyze Same-Sex Marriage in the United States based on the arguments in favor of and against this recently legalized institution. The recent Supreme Court ruling in favor of Same-Sex Marriage has caused great controversy in the United States. People from both sides of this argument are still feeling the backfire from this decision. It is not easy to justify same-sex marriage, an institution that some same-sex couples consider to be a political act (Kimport, 2013). Despite the contemporary understandings of marriage as a personal union based on love, this implicit collective identity can easily be misinterpreted as a dislike for such unions. In fact, it is the exact opposite. Statement of the Problem Same-sex marriage has been both supported and not supported on the basis of several clusters of variables. These variables, according to Kimport, include symbolic politics, moral and religious attitudes and

The Impact Of The Internet On Communication Essay

The Impact of the Internet on Communication The internet has revolutionized all forms of communication since the beginning of its existence. The world has now become ‘smaller or more like a ‘global village, so to speak. The internet was first used by the U.S military for communications purposes. The internet, from the communication point of view, has brought on new developments and techniques to keep in touch not only for individuals, but for businesses as well. An example of how the internet has impacted communication would be an example of doctors now communicating through live video feeds via the internet with patients or other doctors to diagnose patients or to even guide and advise surgeons through complicated procedures.†¦show more content†¦Also, while some services only work over your computer or a special VoIP phone, other services allow you to use a traditional phone through an adaptor. This type of technology has made life easier for both corporate businesses and commercial usage. It has made long distance calling much cheaper and in some cases, free. Businesses can communicate with each other and set up voice conferences which can range across many countries. Why use VoIP? There are two major reasons to use VoIP: • Lower cost; • Increased functionality Lower Cost In general, phone service via VoIP costs less than equivalent service from conventional telephone companies. There are also some cost savings due to using a single network to carry voice and data. This is especially true when users have existing under-utilized network capacity that they can use for VoIP without any additional costs. In the most extreme case, users see VoIP phone calls (even international) as free. While there is a cost for their Internet service, using VoIP over this service may not involve any extra charges, so the users view the calls as free. There are a number of services that have sprung up to facilitate this type of free VoIP call; for example, ‘Skype, is a VoIP client whereby you can either make free calls between computers or you can dial to landlines for a small charge as compared to telephone exchanges. Increased Functionality Incoming phoneShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Internet On Computer And Communication World1531 Words   |  7 Pagesdated back to the 1962. At the end of the 1960s, the Internet was created and it was considered one of the most groundbreaking invention, which revolutionised the computer and communication world forever (Barry M. Leiner 2015). The Internet has the capability of disseminating information worldwide and facilitates interaction between individuals regardless of their geographical location. For instance, since the early 1990s, the cost of communication had been lowered significantly when personal computersRead MoreThe Impact Of Cell Phone And Internet Use On Communication Skills2722 Words   |  11 Pages The Impact of Cell Phone and Internet Use on Communication Skills in Adolescents Jontay Hendree Kennesaw State University 15 February 2015 Abstract The study that I have conducted examines the effects of excessive cell phone and internet use as primary means for communication in adolescents’, and their subsequent (lack of) ability and willingness to engage in verbal and/or face-to-face communication. This research explores the pros and cons of the reliance on communication technologyRead More The Impact of the Internet on Society Essays676 Words   |  3 PagesThe Impact of the Internet on Society The internet is a big impact on our society today. It has been around for quite some time. 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In Malcolm Gladwell’s essay, Small Change: Why the Revolution Will Not Be Tweeted, he argues that social networks are hurting social activism because less motivation is needed to participate in online activities than in physical activities. 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In fact, computer technology has become easier for teachers to transfer knowledge and for students to obtain it. The use of technology has made the process of teaching and learning more convenient. Talking in a positive sense, the impact of technology on education has been extraordinary. Using Internet and computers as en effective medium

Business Communication for Voluntary Employee- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Communication for Voluntary Employee Turnover. Answer: Introduction Business communication is a very vital topic of business management in my point of view. It refers the process where information is shared between people within an enterprise and raises a commercial benefit of the organization (Abraham et al., 2017). Business communication also indicates how the organisation shares its information for promotional purposes of its product and services to the targeted potential customers. Organizational communication is one of the important parts of business communication. Short description of Organizational Communication Organizational communication is one of the most important topics in the context of business communication. Organizational communication, as a field, includes consideration, analysis and criticism of the communicational roles of the organisation. It helps a company to reach its desired goal through managing its manpower. Thus it is a topic of great interest for me. It can be classified into formal and informal communication. If the communication flows through normal channels then it could be downward, horizontal or upward whereas the flow from informal channels is like the grapevine. The functions of organizational communication are to send and receive messages among some interrelated individuals in a certain environment or setting in order to achieve a common organizational goal. These messages can be conveyed through face to face, written or by mediated channels in the organisation (Russell Neuman et al., 2014.). Organizational communication focuses largely on the relationship building and interacting with inter-organizational individuals and also the interested external people. Communication is not just transferring messages between the senders and receivers. It literally constitutes the social world of the organisation. A successful organisation can have competent communicators. The organizational communication shows that the organisation depends greatly on the effective and efficient communication skills of their employees which intern help in achieving the organizational goal. To create a proper flow of communication within the organisation, it is very important to recruit employees who can give and follow instructions, accurately listen and provide feedback, get connected with coworkers, customers and networks. The employees can provide serviceable information, work well as the team, critically and creatively solve problems as well as provide ideas in an understandable manner. Effective organizational communication includes the process of creating and exchanging information, working with the diverse group of people, communicating in a complicated environment and having the ability to communicate in a proper manner. Thus, organizational communication builds a staircase to reach the organisational goal easily (Bell Davison, 2013) . Personal reflection of great interest of Organizational Communication In my point of view organizational communication has a great importance in building the base of business communication. To achieve the organizational goal a smooth communication is necessary among all the departments of the organisation. This can be developed if I able to create smooth communication among the employees. Recent emphasis has focused on all levels of interaction in companies. As per my findings interpersonal relationships are a large part of organizational communication. Thus, great deal of these researches focuses on the process of interpersonal relationships that are conducted in the framework of organizational hierarchies. Employee trust- I think, an open communication can only create a sense of transparency within the organisation which helps to build trust between employees. Keeping employees in dark can create tension, low job security among employees whereas strong communication can help them feel valued and trusted. It also helps to reduce the feeling of uncertainty and cluelessness about the organisations current status. This intern develops a much more positive work environment in the organisation boosting the workforce to lead toward the desired goal of the organization (Rice et al., 2017). Relationship- organizational communication is essential to create a relationship between staff members and level of employees, on both professional and social ground. In my point of view an open communicating atmosphere is very helpful for the employees feel free to express their opinions and ideas and can come up with innovative solutions to different problems of the organisation. Communication in the organisation prevents the employees feel isolated and helps to build the team to work effectively. By creating a strong relationship organizational communication enables the employees to trust on each other. Thus, communication act as a support system in building the good relationship with peers, coworkers, subordinates, clients and stakeholders of the company (Real et al., 2014). Clarity- Communication makes things clear within the organisation. A well-informed employee always has the better attitude towards solving problems than a less informed employee of the organisation. As per my knowledge there are different ways of communication like magazines, journals, meetings which help to develop proper information among the employees. Apart from the above-discussed points, I think there are some other roles of organizational communication. Socialization is very important for the business organisation in the current business world, where communication acts as a tool in socializing. Organizational communication helps in controlling the management processes which intern leads the organisation to the desired goal. It also helps the managers to perform their duties which include planning, organizing, leading and controlling within the organization. Application of Organizational communication in present and future career Organizational communication is the internal communication techniques of the organisation which I could use to disseminate information and communicate with the employees of the organisation. There are different techniques of organizational communication across different companies regardless of its size and nature. The techniques employed for communication should be cost-effective as well efficient to be effective (Singh et al., 2016). I looked at three primary ways Organisational Communication research. When I study organizational communication I look at quantitative methods for predicting behaviors, or qualitative methods for understanding behaviors. Again I can use qualitative methods for study communication in the natural environment of organizations in order to understand organizational cultures and their function. I can use Organizational communication in the creation of the internal newsletter or an email program where some appropriate employees will be entrusted with the responsibility of monthly/fortnightly creation of newsletter or email program. The newsletter which may contain important information of the company, health and safety tips of the employee etc will be circulated to all employees in the organization through emails. I can also use it to carry changes of policies, special dates, and the name of the employee of the month, fun games or puzzles that can be enjoyed by the employees(Boyd, 2017). Again I will use internal communication to present theme meetings rather than the old stereotype meeting format. This can be in the form of additional refreshment arrangement for the attendant in the meeting or use different lucid but interesting themes. These kinds of regular theme meetings can be conducted to update the employees as well as management on general or specific topic. Lastly I can use organisational communication to create a social networking group or channel. Social networking is on a great importance in todays business world. This can be generated for employees in the organisation by providing the base for linking to social network group in the form of face book, twitter or link din. This will create a platform for all the employees in the organisation where any information can be posted. All employees can interact with various groups and share various kinds of required information which would not be possible without the use of such social networking group. In my opinion these small steps will create a base ground of networking to the world market (Kearney et al., 2017). Conclusion Thus, from the above discussion about organizational communication, I have come to know the importance and role of communication in an organisation. The assignment also depicts the various application of organizational communication of our current professional career. Works Cited Abraham, J., Takwin, B. Suleeman, J., 2017. A confirmatory factor analysis among Indonesians. Counterfeit self: Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 2(4), pp.222-40. Bell, E. Davison, J.., 2013. Visual management studies: Empirical and theoretical approaches. International Journal of Management Review, 15(2), pp.167-84. Boyd, J.J., 2017. Retaining High-Performing Healthcare Employees. Voluntary Employee Turnover, 5(7), pp.12-45. Kearney, C., Soleimanof, S. Wales, W.J.., 2017. Examining Facilitative Configurations of Entrepreneurially Oriented Growth: An Information Processing Perspective. British Journal of Management, 10(1), pp.118-30. Real, J.C., Roldn, J.L. Leal, A.., 2014. From entrepreneurial orientation and learning orientation to business performance: analysing the mediating role of organizational learning and the moderating effects of organizational size. British Journal of Management, 64(2), pp.186-208. Rice, R.E. et al., 2017. Organizational Media Affordances: Operationalization and Associations with Media Use. Journal of Communication, 67(1), pp.106-30. Russell Neuman, W., Guggenheim, L., Mo Jang, S. Bae, S.Y.., 2014. The dynamics of public attention: Agenda?setting theory meets big data. Journal of Communication, 64(2), pp.193-214. Singh, S., Darwish, T.K. Poto?nik, K.., 2016. Measuring organizational performance: A case for subjective measures. British Journal of Management, , 27(1), pp.214-224.

The Importance of Storytelling in Ecommerce

Humans love stories. From an early age, we’re told stories to entertain and inspire us. It’s no surprise the marketing world has embraced storytelling; it’s one of the most effective ways to connect on a deeper level with consumers and humanize a brand. In ecommerce, storytelling is vital, because brands need to cut through the barrier of the computer screen to connect with strangers. But when it’s done right, any brand can stand out online. What is Storytelling in Ecommerce? Storytelling is simply building a narrative around your company and its products. Everything you tell readers about you, your company, your products, and your services is part of the story. You can use storytelling on your homepage, about page, product pages, and across your social media accounts. It all helps to create a context in which potential customers can understand who you really are. For example, if you’re selling a brand of coffee, you don’t just say it tastes good; you talk in detail about how your company founders travelled the world, looking for the perfect blend of coffee beans. It can add a sense of adventure, credibility, and exclusivity to your brand. Why Storytelling is Important for Ecommerce Brands Stories add authenticity to your content. They grab the attention of readers and help you communicate on a more emotional level. They’re a crucial part of developing a memorable brand, attracting new customers, improving your credibility, building customer loyalty, and driving sales. Storytelling can give your brand depth. It shows that you offer more than just a product or service; you have values that people can relate to and be a part of. Information overload It’s no wonder most â€Å"tune out† of traditional advertising methods. The volume of data consumers is exposed to is overwhelming: Every minute, more than 2 million Google searches are performed Every day, consumers process around 100,000 digital words, and see approximately 5,000 marketing messages Every year, 3 trillion ads are sold online Ignoring marketing messages has become almost automatic; around 79 percent of people scan content, rather than read every word. But storytelling has the potential power to stop people from tuning out. Develop stronger relationships To make your marketing messages more effective and to strengthen the bond you have with customers, you need to make your audience feel like you understand them. The most successful brands build relationships with their audience by defining their brand with a core set of beliefs. This adds a perceived value to the products and services, makes consumers feel a part of something great and can create brand ambassadors. The most obvious example of this is Coca-Cola. People don’t mind paying a higher price for the product because they feel an emotional attachment to the brand. In the same way, Nike uses storytelling by associating its brand with star athletes – it’s not just selling the shoe’s features, it’s selling the feeling you get by wearing the shoes. The trick is to select stories that potential customers can relate to and speaking the language of your target audience to connect with them on a more personal level. Stories are motivational The best stories motivate people to take action more than a standard sales pitch. Before you share a story, think about what you want your audience to feel and what you want them to do next. When you weave into your story a call-to-action, people that relate to the story are more likely to take the desired action. So how do you harness the power of storytelling? Here are 10 ways to make your stories more captivating and hopefully give you the competitive edge. Need help writing a brand story? Learn more about our ecommerce content service. 10 Ecommerce Storytelling Strategies That Work 1. Focus on emotions. What do customers experience when using your products? Explain how customers accomplished a task before they had your product and how they felt. Then describe them using your products and how they will feel. Use words and phrases that focus on positive emotions. Casper, the mattress company, does a good job of reinforcing positive emotions on their website. 2. Talk about how your product makes the customer’s life better. In other words, sell the benefits, not the product. What makes your products and services unique, and what do they help customers achieve? Perhaps your product allows people to spend more time with their family. Use images and videos alongside your copy to bring the ideas to life. 3. Explain how your company solves customer problems. State the problem, show that you understand the problem, and then explain how you developed a solution to make customers’ lives easier. 4. Make the story shareable. What is the core value of your brand? Build your messaging and imagery around this, and create a catchy hashtag that summarizes your core message. Encourage customers to tell their story using the hashtag, and use social media polls to promote your campaign. Have a look at this print ad from 1990 by Nike. This is copywriting and storytelling at it’s finest. 5. Be more transparent. You could explain your manufacturing process, describe your company culture, explain product costs, or describe company setbacks and how you overcame them. 6. Be socially conscious. Can you give something back to the local community? You could donate your time to a local event, donate gifts to a charity, or sponsor a local project. Whatever you do, it can be built into the story of your brand which you can share with your audience. TOMS started with a buy-one, give-one system where every paid of shoes purchased meant that a pair was donated. 7. Highlight your brand’s origins. If you have an interesting story to tell about the evolution of your brand, share it. What setbacks did you overcome? You could bring your location into the story. 8. Humanize your brand. Talk about individual staff members and the many different ways they contribute to your company. How did you become who you are today? Frozen-foods company Amy’s Kitchen nails this technique on their website. They tell readers how they sold handmade pot pies out of the family kitchen during the early days of their business and never imagined the enormous success that lay ahead. 9. Enhance product descriptions. In the final stages of the buying process, storytelling can push the customer toward a purchase decision. Use product descriptions to build authenticity. How was it made? What unique materials do you use? Again, you can highlight how a product will improve the lives of consumers. 10. Use real-life stories from customers. Either interview customers, or ask them to share stories about your company, products, and services. User-generated content adds authenticity to your storytelling. Connect with your followers on social media. You can even offer prizes for the best story or picture. CoSchedule does a great job of incorporating real-life stories on their website. The callout below is from a quote from a solopreneur and includes a link to a blog post that tells the story in-depth. How to Tell if Your Story is Good If you’ve put together a brand story and aren’t sure how effective it is, here are a few things to look for: Publish stories that are relevant to the time of year and current events. Craft each story from the perspective of your ideal customer. Find new or unusual ways to tell your story. Surprising stories are more memorable than predictable ones. What is the challenge your customer has to overcome or the problem your product can solve? You’re not trying to sell a product or service; you’re selling the results you offer and the feeling people get from using your brand. You’ll lose credibility if your audience thinks you’re being dishonest. Don’t appear evasive in your motives and avoid using jargon. Final Thoughts In a crowded ecommerce world, companies that use compelling and emotive stories are often the ones experiencing greater brand loyalty and increased profits. It may take more effort to weave stories into your ecommerce content, but when you get it right, it can be one of the most effective ways to connect with customers, strengthen your brand, and drive sales. What stories can you use to make your brand stand out online? Interested in using storytelling to elevate your brand? Our copywriting service connects you with professional writers able to create copy that sells.

Why are poor people more likely to be obese

Introduction Obesity is a health condition that results from accumulation of fat in the body that has adverse effects on health of victims. It is caused by excessive intake of high-energy foods, genetic makeup of individuals, and lack of adequate physical exercise (Wolin 34). It reduces life expectancy and predisposes individuals to other health problems such as type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis, and certain types of cancer (Wolin 35).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why are poor people more likely to be obese? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Individuals with obesity are more prone to diseases than individuals without obesity are. In olden days, obesity was associated with wealthy people. However, the situation has changed. Research suggests that poor people are more likely to be obese than rich people. Discussion One of the reasons why poor people are more prone to obesity than rich people is because of poor diet . A major cause of obesity is excess intake of high-energy foods (Smith 44). Many parents from poor households cannot afford healthy meals for their families. For example, they buy processed foods for breakfast and dinner. In contrast, rich people take time to prepare meals that are balanced in nutritive content. Fast foods and processed foods are usually rich in fat that is a predisposing factor to obesity (Pena and Bacalloa 51). Since fast foods are cheap and readymade, parents prefer them without considering their health implications Poor people have little or no access to health facilities such as gyms for workouts (Pena and Bacalloa 53). Rich people can afford to subscribe to health facilities for regular workouts. On the contrary, poor people rely on physical activities such as walking and running for exercise. However, with frequent intake of foods rich in high fat content, ordinary physical activities are not sufficient. On the other hand, parents from poor families do not p lay active roles in the lives of their children (Smith 47). They allow children do things on their own. As such, children eat junk foods because it is sugary and sweet. Many parents from rich families play active roles in the lives of their children. They ensure that their children eat healthy foods, and take them to the doctor for regular medical checkups (Levine 2667). In addition, poor people do not get time for exercise because at the end of the day, they are very tired from working. Many poor people work in manual jobs that are very tiresome and that pay small wages. Their little income denies them access to farmers markets that sell healthy foods (Levine 2667).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Poor people prefer high-calorie foods because they keep them satisfied for longer. This helps them tackle hard times when they cannot get food readily. A research conducted by the Un iversity of Miami found out that whenever people realize that food was scarce, they turn to high-calorie foods that keep them satisfied for longer compared to healthier low-calorie foods (Drewnowski 8). Foods such as wheat, corn, and potatoes are cheap but unhealthy. It is easier to feed a family with fast food that costs little money than to purchase healthier foods that are more expensive. These high-calorie foods predispose people to obesity. Poor people prefer fast foods because they are cheap and can easily feed their families on small budgets (Drewnowski 10). However, their health implications are adverse and cause serious complications in the long-term. Another reason why poor people are more prone to obesity than rich people is level of education. Many poor people are uneducated and ignorant. Therefore, they possess little knowledge on importance of eating a balanced diet (Borland par2). They consider the cost of food first rather than its nutritive value. Poor people do not know the difference between healthy and unhealthy food. Nutritional knowledge would enable them differentiate between healthy and unhealthy foods. However, they know little about negative effects of various foods on health. Therefore, they consume foods based on how much they cost rather than their nutritive value (Borland par3). They opt for fast foods in order to save money. There is a direct relationship between income and obesity. Poor people prefer cheap food rather than healthy food. In contrast, rich people prefer healthy food even though it is expensive. Poor people buy the cheapest foods that they can get in order to save money (Borland par6). In today’s society, the cheapest foods are junk foods that are rich in high calories. Conclusion Poor people are more likely to be obese because the foods they can afford are unhealthy and cheap. They do not consider the nutritive value of food but its price. Junk food is the cheapest type of food sold today. In order to save money for other uses, poor people opt for junk food that has high calorie content. Other reasons include lack of access to health training facilities, and lack of knowledge on importance of healthy eating because of low levels of education. In addition, parents from poor families do not play active roles in the lives of their children. These factors predispose poor people to obesity more than rich people.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why are poor people more likely to be obese? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works Cited Borland, Sophie. The poor are moirà © likely to be obese, says health minister. 23 Jan. 2013. Web. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2266796/Health-minister-Anna-Soubry-says-obesity-linked-class.html. Drewnowski, Adam. Poverty and Obesity: The Role of Energy Density and Energy Costs. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 79.1 (2002): 6-16. Print. Levine, James. Poverty and Obesity i n the U.S. Diabetes 6.11 (2006): 2667-2668. Print. Pena, Manuel, and Bacalloa Jorge. Obesity and poverty: a new public health challenge. New York: Pan American Health Org, 2000. Print. Smith, Patricia. Obesity among poor Americans: is public assistance the problem? New York: Vanderbilt University Press, 2007. Print. Wolin, Kathleen. Obesity. New York: ABC-CLIO, 2009. Print. This essay on Why are poor people more likely to be obese? was written and submitted by user Alani Shepherd to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Umberto eco essays

Umberto eco essays Umberto Eco, a very known novelist was born on January 5, 1932 in the Northwestern province of Piedmont. Umberto Eco got his name from the acronym for ex caelis oblatus, or offered by the heavens given to him by an inventive civil servant. His father, Guilo Eco was an accountant and a veteran of three wars forced Umberto to take up law. When the second World War broke out, eco and his mother moved to small Piedmontese village in the mountains. There, the young Eco watched the shoot out between the Facsists and the partisans with a mixture of emotions-undeniably excited at the action. He was partly regretful that he was to young to get involved. To pursue his fathers dream of him becoming a lawyer, he entered the University of Turin. After a while he abandoned his studies in law and pursued his dream and took up medieval philosophy and literature. He earned his doctorate in 1954. In 1956, he published his first book Il problema estetico in San Tommaso. In 1956 he already published his second book . After migrating to Milan in 1966 he also published Le poetische di Joyce:dall summa al Finnegans Wake and LA struttura assente (The absent Structure) By the later seventees, Eco had established a reputation as a semiotician. Different novels came after that such as The name of the Rose 1980, Foucaults Pendulum 1988, and The Island of the Day Before. In Six Walks in the Fictional Woods, Eco explores the intricacies of fictional form and method. Using examples ranging from fairy tales and Flaubert, eco draws us in b means of a novelists techniques, making us readers his collaborators in the creation of his text and in the investigation of some of fictions most basic mechanisms. Basically he shares with us his life as a reader. We see, hear, and feel eco the passionate reader who has gotten lost over and over again in the woods, loved i...

See instructions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

See instructions - Research Paper Example In licensing this technology to foreign firms, the licensing firm stands a chance to lose the technology to the competitor (Wuhan University of technology, Para. 2). This is in the form of the competitor developing the technology beyond the level that it was originally. Proprietary technology is known to give an edge to the owner by denying competitors of the benefits it has to offer. Proprietary technologies owners use them as a source of revenue by controlling the market prices of their products, as well as those of their competitors (Economides & Katsamakas, 2006, Para. 1058). In such cases, the technology is used as a benchmark for market prices, and licensing it would, therefore, be a demerit to the owner. At the same time, licensing would be a good opportunity for the owners to up their performance by increasing the level of competition. With competition, they can provide better products and services to consumers (Business Wire, Para. 3). The advantage is, therefore, not lost in any way. Instead, it throws the competitors off balance due to the possibility that the technology owners may have better deals. Licensing proprietary technology is an outright loss of competitive advantage to the owners as a result of creating an alternative source of technology to consumers. This is because; licensing makes the technology open source. According to studies, proprietary technology tends to dominate the market while open source is always a runners up thus it should be avoided at all cost (Economides & Katsamakas, 2006, p. 1059). Economides, N., & Katsamakas, E. (2006). Two-Sided Competition of Proprietary vs. Open Source Technology Platforms and the Implications for the Software Industry.  Management Science,  52(7),

Group Geospatial Revolution Videos Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Group Geospatial Revolution Videos - Assignment Example Alternatively, geographical or geospatial information systems describes the different technologies, methods and processes used to enhance effectiveness and efficiency in organizations. From the foregone discussion, it is evident that organizations strive at increasing efficiency and effectiveness in their operations. This same motivation has motivated Portland City to create some technologies, methods and processes that can be used to enhance their service operation. This has been motivated by the fact that GIS systems area cost effectiveness; additionally, they improve different functions in the city, something that increases the city’s potential to attract investors. The city has employed various professionals that have been doing their best in order to ensure that the city improves its practices. The incorporation of GIS in the city’s operations has increased job opportunities for many people that have continued to enjoy the improved services in the city. For this reason, the city needs to create goals and objectives that can be helpful in the achievement of the mission and vision statements in the city. However, the goals and objectives for the city’s GIS can only be derived from its mission and vision statements. It is important to note that a vision statement refers to the future picture or impression that an organizations develops for its for its practices. In this case, the vision statement for Portland City provides the picture of the city in its future as far as GIS systems are concerned and looks as follows; â€Å"To have a city that has effective and efficient services so that city residents and other investors can enjoy the lucrative investment opportunities. The city is thus positioned to become the centre for innovations and inventions that enhance people’s social and economic functions and processes.† The mission statement

Love What are your thoughts on the Futurist Manifesto - how do you see Personal Statement

Love What are your thoughts on the Futurist Manifesto - how do you see it in the artwork they produced - Personal Statement Example Marinetti started the manifesto by describing the new versus the old. He (6) personifies various places and machines in the new age period and compares them with the old ones. In one of his comments in the book,he states that the â€Å"the old ways of thinking are gone,defeated at last†. He (12) gave an example of condemning all museums and academies and comparing them with cemeteries that are not worth focusing on. Indeed Marinettis manifesto was very much anarchistic. Moreover,he encouraged dangerous methods to achieve beauty as he believed that there was no struggle without beauty. In addition,he This shows how Marinettis words were, indeed very forceful. Marinetti along with other artists(22) around him wrote about literature, music, dance, performance, paintings and architecture. All that reiterated a cognate of ideas which reverberated through the multitudes of all forms of art expression in the 20th century(26). His projection of words in his book is like a machine gun in action of firing bullets. I can clarify his writing technique as both visual and sonic. The techniques blur the borderline dimension in which a synesthesia is evoked,making a more pro-founding impact on the Italian people. The separation of the the futurism movement from the previous art movement is the focus on outward understanding. That is what Marinetti movement was all about. Therefore, people who view his work should understand the benefit of external factors in life like struggle and revolution without forgetting the internal factors

Analysing the change in the role of the management accountant

Analysing the change in the role of the management accountant This work is focused on critically evaluating the tenacity of the change in the role of the management accountant from traditional accounting functions to that of a strategic planner and business partner. The work of Johnson and Kaplan (1987), titled Relevance lost has prompted a drill-down on this research area. Though most of the researchers agree to the changing role of the management accountant (Burns and Baldvinsdottir, 2005; Cooper and Dart 2009; Allot 2000; Chenhall and Langfield-Smith2007; Siegel1999; Kerby and Romine 2005; Vaivio1999; Ittner and Lacker2001; Ax and Bjornenak 2007;Bhimani 2006;Roslender and Hart 2002). The importance the traditional role still remains vital to others, and should serve to complement the new techniques or the change. (Bromwich and Bhimani 1998; Burns et al. 1999). Others are of the view that history is still a relevant part of the future or the changing trend. (Fleischman and Funnell 2006; Luft 1997;Beaman and Richardson2007).The type of organization as well as the management may also determine the nature of change. Yazdifar and Tsamenyi(2005). This change does not take the same form in organizations, but differs in pattern. Sulaiman and Mitchell (2005). With the present economic miasma, some researchers are even advocating a return to the old ways: the traditional role, (Baldvinsdottir et al (2009). The first section of this work will therefore review these views presented and try to draw a comparison between these views to see if the role of the management accountant has actually changed and to what extent. This will be done drawing support from literatures. It will immediately be followed with some of the new roles the management accountant is taking up in organizations. Thereafter the position of traditional accounting practice in this new trend of events will be discussed. This will enable us to know where to place the traditional accounting role, whether it has lost its usefulness and should be totally discarded or should serve to compliment the new roles. Next to that, some of the new techniques in management accounting that organizations are adopting, the factors that are driving the change in role as well as their significance to the new role will be discussed. Conclusions will then be drawn as to the management accountants roles change. The changing role of the management accountant. Johnson and Kaplan (1987) are deemed to have set the sail in this argument with their book titled Relevance lost: the rise and fall of management accounting. These strong terms used by them has prompted or necessitated a lot of research work in this direction. They argue that the existing form of management accounting lacked the know-how to meet up with the dynamic business environment. Their argument was supported by citing technological advancements, information technology, as well as global and domestic competition as reasons making the existing practices inadequate. According to an article published in the Journal of Accountancy (Most Companies Want Their CPAs to Be Business Strategists, Survey Says, 1996), much more is now being demanded of the management accountants within organizations. Their jobs are going beyond the preparation of financial statements as explanations and interpretation are now required of them of the information they provide. The management accountant is accordingly a high-level decision support specialist. Kerby and Romine (2005) argue that for management accountants to remain a relevant part of their organizations, there must be a change in emphasis from the traditional accounting practices which involves the counting, analysis, interpretation and presentation of financial information. They advocate that the management accountant should be versed with knowledge about changes affecting the business of his organization and imbibe qualities that would enable them function as full-fledged business partners. Smith (2007) opined that the focus of the management accountant within organizations is now shifting to the external environment. That the management accountant is no more uniformed of what happens externally to his organization, He now looks both inwards and outwards. Cooper and Dart (2009), give support to this view that, management accountants are moving from being information providers to supporting the decision making. Siegel (1999), noted that management accountants were before now not involved in the actual decision-making process, but acted in support of the decision makers and later got informed of facts. But the role of the management accountant had changed and greater part of their time was being spent as internal consultants or business analyst within their companies. Like most of the other writers he attributes this changing role to the advancement in technology which he states has freed the management accountant from what he describes as mechanical accounting. He stated that the new role of the management accountant now involves a lot of direct contacts with people throughout their organizations, and that they are more involved in decision making and cross-functional teams. This he termed evolution from serving internal customers to being business partners. The management accountant as strategic planner and business partner. The central message of this work has been on the management accountant assuming the role of strategic planner and business partner as opposed to the traditional role of corporate cop and bean counter. The management accountants role has evolved and is shaping up into a strategic financial planner and manager of information. The management accountant is said to be having less to do with the routine accounting practice. (Siegel 2000, Cooper and Dart, 2009, Latshaw, A. and Choi, Y., 2000). New areas of focus of the management accountant include the development of financial plans, information technology systems management, helping in the formation of business objectives as well as monitoring results and keeping up with marketing objectives. Others are management and organization of workforce, playing advisory role in operational decisions, programmes and projects. (Feeney and Pierce, 2007). For the management accountant to function effectively as business partner, certain skills must be acquired. This will include the quality of analyzing and processing oral and numeric data into meaningful information. This should be buttressed by the ability to work effectively in a team. (Curruth, 2004) As business partner, the management accountant combines both the traditional role of protecting the assets of the business with a new role of analysis and participation in decision making in the business administration.(Kennedy and Sorensen, 2006). Caron (2006), outlined steps that should be taken for the management accountant to assume the position of a business partner. They include: Acting as operation and knowledge expert. He/she should be able to provide best practice information and strategic skills. Should be able to put to practice the knowledge acquired in developing strategic management plans. He/she should be able to mobilize the human resources at his disposal. He/she should be able to disseminate accounting information effectively. Management accounting the position of the traditional role. Although Johnson and Kaplan(1987) opined that the traditional accounting role of the management accountant had lost its value and have argued that it is no more relevant to the dynamism of todays world, not everyone believe their opinion is best for management accounting, and have thus expressed their reservations. (Bromich and Bhimani 1989; Burns et al 1999; Yazdifar and Tsamenyi 2005). Baldvinsdottir et al. (2009) are of the opinion that a return to the traditional or mechanical accounting methods is of great importance especially at this period of economic down-turn. They argue that although the hype about the changing role of the management accountant, a lot of the traditional accounting role has relatively remained the same over several decades. Luft (1997) is of the view that history serves as a platform for understanding the present; that the lapses of the present could actually be alleviated by referring back to history. Fleischman and Funnell (2006), while agreeing with Johnson and Kaplan, that it is important that management accounting reports provide management with information that will aid them in minimizing cost and improved productivity, argue that although these activities are forward looking, they have to be based on what they described as intimate dependence between the past and future. They insist this is necessary because of the uncertainties and instabilities associated with commercial environments, coupled with the intricatsies of management. That, management accountants in the course of trying to make the information they provide more useful to their organizations should bear in mind that this should be done in observation of necessary ethical issues. Beaman and Richardson (2007) found out in their research that accounting practices within organizations are being confined to the traditional role, instead of the expected role of decision support and problem solving. There has been the acknowledgment of the wide use of traditional accounting techniques in most organizations as opposed to the supposed expectation of radically new innovative accounting techniques being adopted by these organizations. ( Burns and Scapens, 2000). Emerging techniques in management accounting. Some relatively new trends/techniques have emerged with the aim of tackling the inadequacies of the traditional accounting methods. Some of them have been lauded as the new champions of management accounting solution providers in organizations. (Cooper and Kaplan, 1991). Although these techniques are highly praised, their adoption and implementation may not have been as widely accepted as the hype associated with them. (Collier and Gregory, 1995; Roslender and Hart, 2003). These techniques include: Activity based costing (ABC); The advent of ABC has changed the practice of cost allocation requiring that management accountants develop more analytical skill to tackle the complexities of allocating overheads to different cost objects using cost drivers. (Burns and Yazdifar, 2001; Byrne and Pierce, 2007; Anderson, 1995). ABC made the management accountant an essential part of the decision making process by focusing on pertinent information needed to improve firm performance financially and market wise. (Kennedy and Affleck-Graves, 2001). Kaplan and Anderson (2004) however noted that organizations have abandoned ABC because of its failure to capture the complex nature of their operations, the delays of implementation and the cost effect which are usually too expensive. Balanced scorecard (BSC): The balanced scorecard enables the management accountant to strategically measure performance and develop a framework for the strategic measurement and management systems (Kaplan and Norton, 2007). It changes emphasis from financial aspect to embracing customer, internal and as well as learning and growth factors of organizations. (Kaplan and Norton, 1996). This has altered the role of the management accountant placing him strategically as a decision support specialist. (Latshaw and Choi, 2002). BSCs are adopted by firms for strategic performance measurement, but the outcome of these measures is usually developed to embrace operational strategy, however it was noted that organizations often fail in trying to put BCS into a particular use (Wiersma, 2009). Atkinson (2006) noted that the BSC has been found deficient from empirical results of its benefits. Strategic management accounting: Strategic management accounting (SMA): SMA shifts the focus of management accountant to non-financial factors external to the organization. (Simmonds,1981). It demands that the management accountant be knowledgeable in topics like performance indicators development, value chain analysis as well as capacity cost management. It broadens the scope of the management accountant beyond the firm to strategizing for competitive market and opportunities. (Whiteley, 1995). SMA requires the management accountant as a member of the cross functional team which his role now embraces to bring to bear relevant information and expertise that will aid decision making. (Roslender and Hart, 2001). The management accountant now addresses the impact of other non-financial activities, the cost position of competitors, and evaluation of rival products and services. These activities have placed the management accountant in the significant role of strategic planner and business partner.(Whiteley, 1995; Langfi eld-Smith, 2008). However, Roslender and Hart (2003), noted that what constitutes strategic management accounting is still not clearly defined. Collier and Gregory, (1995) opined that the level of implementation of strategic management accounting may defer in different economies. That is, the economy determines the strategy and functionality of the management accountants. Enterprise resource planning (ERP): ERP requires the management accountant to have sound knowledge that will enable him to provide information that will technically meet the needs of the firm. It also demands that the MA be versed with knowledge of business functions related to production, marketing and information technology. For the management accountant to get going with all these functions, he needs to build a sound inter-personal and social skills. (Barton, 2009;Pierce and ODea, 2003). It may however reduce jobs, creating unemployment. Enterprise resource planning (ERP): enables the management accountant to track production by job, work center, and activity (Zimmerman, 2009:720). However, respondents to research carried out by Knnerley and Neely (2001) were not sure the introduction of ERP to their organizations had made any noticeable impact. Factors driving the change in the role of management accounting. The usefulness of management accounting has come under scrutiny following factors like: automation of factory processes and procedures, information technology, competition, and globalization, complexity of business among others. Some of these factors and their significance will be discussed briefly. Information Technology: (Carruth, 2004; Beaman and Richardson, 2007), noted that information technology has enabled management accountants to take more responsible roles in their organizations. The management accountant is now able to save time in his analysis and interpretation of information. The management accountant helps in presenting data in a form that makes them relevant and useful for managerial purpose. This involves strategizing and being involved in the decision making process. Granlund, M. and Malmi, T. (2002) It has changed the nature of information and placed decision making on information provided by the management accountant. (Atkinson et al. 1999). Automation; requires the management accountant to develop more analytical skills and to be able to provide such information that will enable firms take decisions and adopt such strategies that will help them stay in competition. (Kerremans et al., 1991). Automation is advantageous in lowering labour cost, but may create job losses. (Mantripragada and Sweeney, 1981). Other factors: Other notable factors driving the role change in management accounting include; the emphasis on quality, intellectual capital, more customer focused organizations, increase in overhead cost, less of direct labour cost, and priority on environmental and external issues. These factors have helped tailor the management accountants role to that of a strategic planner and a business partner. The management accountant now takes a more proactive role in knowing and providing solutions to strategic issues in his organization. The issue of competitive business environment which is closely related to globalization is another major factor affecting the way management accounting functions are handled in organizations. Conclusion Although there have been needs for the change in emphasis on the role of management accountant, this change has not been absolute. This is because the cost and complexity of applying these new techniques have made their adoption slow. The introduction of new techniques in management accounting and the impact of various factors have made the management accountant more focused on non-financial aspects of organizations and has widened the scope of activities external to the organization, making him a useful part of the decision making process. However recent issues following the economic downturn has suggested retention of part of the traditional role in combination with new techniques might be more useful. ( Balvinsdottir et al., July/Aug. 2009) Moreover, the importance of these new techniques and the benefit they provide to organizations cannot be overemphasized. These new innovations have made the management accountant more flexible, a solution provider and an important part of the organization as business partner and strategist, restoring relevance. (Johnson, 1992). It is noteworthy that though many are the advantages of implementing these new techniques, some organizations still stick to traditional accounting because it is less complex to implement, saving time.

Far From the Madding Crowd, Tess of the d’Urbervilles and Jude the Obsc

Compromising Female Characters in Far From the Madding Crowd, Tess of the d’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure  Ã‚   The novels of Thomas Hardy are intricate and complicated works whose plots seem to be completely planned before the first word is ever actually formed on paper. Though I have no proof of Hardy’s method of writing, it is clear that he focuses more on plot development than characterization in the novels Far From the Madding Crowd, Tess of the d’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure. The advantages of this can be easily seen in the clever twists and turns that occur in the novel which hold the reader’s interest. But the main reason Hardy uses this method, especially in the tragedies Tess and Jude, is to present a moral argument to the reader through actions done by and to the main characters of the novels. By mapping out the turning points ahead of time, Hardy is able to control the course of his writings, and they emerge as a social criticism. But in doing this, the characters are condemned to a literary predestination. Hardy concentrates more on forcing the characters to carry out these actions than allowing their personalities to become fully and freely developed. Females perform most of the necessary but unlikely actions, and Hardy blames any erratic behavior on woman’s natural inconsistency. Thus, in reaching for a high literary purpose Hardy inadvertently stunts the development of the main female characters.   Jude the Obscure is designed to show the faults and repercussions of religious and social conventions, with an emphasis on marriage. According to Hardy, short-lived impulses cause people to marry, which binds couples together until their deaths. When these feelings of affection fade, they must live together i... ...nally draw the attention of a man she has no desire to be with, he turns her character into a tease. She begins to be seen as a comic character and less respect is given to her. She is just another female character used to make the machinery of Hardy's novels function, and takes on a more mechanical and stereotypical countenance as a result.   Hardy's intentions are noble. He tries to show the reasons for giving more social freedom to everyone, females in particular, but compromises their characters in the process. The novels would benefit by far if there was a more spontaneous atmosphere and the characters were allowed free reign to develop unhindered, but the novels could result in the loss of such powerful moral messages. So, changing the characters could endanger the novels' importance in history, but would definitely improve the overall reading experience.

What Goes Around Comes Around (Karma)

If one would want to examine one’s self about the meaning of a word or phrase by comparison with what others mean with the word or phrase, one will find confirmation of similarity or change in meaning in relation to time. Given such thesis, this essay intends to validate that same by exploring my own assumptions and beliefs about a certain concept or phrase by,   discovering what I believe about and how those ideas have been formed in me, and exploring outside viewpoints of the topic using contemporary and/or literary figures, politicians, poets, authors, media images, institutions, history books, etc.Exploration of self: What I think and feel about the phrase â€Å"What Goes Around Comes Around (Around).†?As I use the new version of software in the Internet, the computer flashes a message: â€Å"Paying is a good karma.†Ã‚   The word ‘karma’ enters into my mind that if there could is good karma, there must be bad karma.   Before my encounter of t he phrase of good karma, the meaning of the word karma for me was negative that whatever error or mistake one must have done will really come back to haunt one back.   The word ‘karma’ or the phrase ‘what goes around comes around’ serves as self-evaluation that would result of self-judgment.   Sometimes, the self judges very harshly, hence , one could just imagine the tendency that I may have done just to avoid the word ‘karma’ before it comes to mind that there could some good in it.   The experience has therefore brought me into the reality of experiencing the meaning of words into my life that though as one is just a word; it carries a message that could turn on or off one’s mood in a day.   This is not surprising because I believe that man is created also an emotional being although he is endowed with a rational mind.   What is to interesting with emotion is that is what one feels at the moment and most of the sometimes, wh at one feels is more powerful than what one thinks.  In trying therefore to reflect on the meaning of karma in this paper, I have to admit that words or phrases could change or could have different meaning at different times.   Thus the need to have updated dictionaries.   Let us apply on how Oxford English Dictionary defines the word ‘karma’ in two ways.   One definition for the word goes this way: â€Å"From the Sanskrit word (meaning ‘action' or ‘effect') used in Hinduism and Buddhism to refer to the principle by which a person's actions in this world determine the fate that awaits him or her after death.   In English the word is sometimes used more loosely to refer to the processes of destiny, and it has sometimes been chosen as a given name with reference to this idea.†[1] Its other definition goes this way: â€Å"the sum of a person’s actions in this and previous states of existence, viewed as affecting their future fate.†[2]   Comparing the two definitions by the same dictionary does not make much difference as to the meaning referring to after life consequences.Exploration of other viewpoints about the phrase and how the meaning of the phrase or word ‘karma’ has changed over time, how the phrase was formed, etc.Let us take what other old viewpoints using the phrase ‘What comes around goes around’ or word ‘karma’ and let us take still another who has used the phrase in the context of a given statement.   There is such phrases as law of Karma under various names and this include â€Å"the law of compensation†; â€Å"the law of balance†; † the law of action and re-action†.[3] One could easily get some connection with the author’s explanation of the term as bringing it judgment, correcting all wrongs, punishing all vices, and rewarding all virtues.   The inevitability of cause and effect means and ends, and seed and fruit ar e simply there.   A man’s normal reading of that interpretation by the author would be to look at the cause if something could be done so that the necessary good effect will come out.   One this note therefore the word ‘karma’ from 1894 had had already a positive or negative meaning’ and as I now realize, it may be that I was not that attentive of its meaning then.   I mean, the term could mean also to be positive and not just negative.Ward explained further the use of the term ‘karma; allows equating it with the law as justice, and when viewed in its applications,   Ã‚  an action of an individual has with it retribution.   If such is the case, there is also reason to agree with authors’ conclusion that â€Å"every secret is told, every crime is punished, every virtue rewarded, every wrong redressed, in silence and certainty.†[4]One could see from karma that nothing comes by accident, that what one reaps, what he or she has so wn. There is therefore a universal rule that giving love brings further love.   Sowing brings further reaping.   In more concrete application, it may mean money begets money.The phrase â€Å"What goes around†¦Ã‚   Comes Around† happened to be the third single from Justin Timberlake's second solo album FutureSex/LoveSounds which was released in 2006.[5] People who could relate with the song may interpret the part ‘going around’ as where Timberlake mourned how his ex-lover may have wounded him and in ‘coming around’ as referring how the law of balance came into effect, as Timberlake’s ex-lover new boyfriend now treat said ex-lover in like manner the woman treated Timberlake in the ‘going around’ portion of the song.Synthesis of two partsComparing my personal experience and other’s viewpoints with the word or phrase puts me now into the questions: ‘Do I have a different connotation of the word or phrase with the irs?   What, if any?   If there is no difference, justify.’I feel that the meaning of the word to me changed overtime as how others may have changed it. Phrases or terms or words are just means to communicate meanings .When one encounters how a word or phrase is meant by other   the person so encountered, he or she also makes a meaning out of how he or she understood the word or phrase in the outside world.  Ã‚   When that new meaning comes into the person, the latter could use the word in a sentence or in expressing thoughts to others.   When many people agree about the usage of phrase of terms or word these agreements and confirmations, produce a part of culture.   This is when people adjust with other members of society as to giving birth to the general acceptability of the word.[6]It could be said that difference in the meanings of the word ‘karma’ was not really meant in 1894.[7]   Ã‚  It was my mind who created a difference of the meaning beca use of my lack of exposure to the meaning of karma, that there could also be a good karma not just good karma.   This therefore   brings me another reality that knowledge of one thing or even a simple word and its meaning to every one vary across different people until that person realizes that he or she must understand what others really give to that word so that person could actually relate under a bigger world.   If the world speaks with one word or one language, perhaps the world could be a more peaceful world.   But across cultures are different languages with different words that may have different meanings.Conclusion:There is basis to uphold the thesis that if one would want to examine one’s self about the meaning of a word or phrase by comparison with what others mean with the word or phrase, one will find confirmation of similarity or change in meaning in relation to time.Confirmation of similarity or change in meaning requires one to be honest about the true meaning of the word to himself or herself. After accepting the truth, one must be ready to what is meant by the word or phrase as accepted by majority of people.   The best proof of this is the use of dictionary, which implies that the word may have its meaning reached the point of general acceptability[8].   This may not be hard to understand as human beings communicate using words or terms, and by them, the people’s experience of the word or phrase will be given recognition and acceptance.   I believe that words are defined and used in dictionaries, which may have evolved and changed over time including the chance of expanding the original meaning and even eventually returning to the old meaning.Works Cited:David Kaufer, Suguru Ishizaki, Brian Butler, Jeff Collins, The Power of Words: Unveiling the Speaker and Writer's Hidden Craft ; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004Mark Guarino, M.;   Out from the Cocoon Timberlake Re-emerges without Squeaky Clean Image; Daily Her ald (Arlington Heights, IL), August 24, 2006New Fowler's Modern English Usage, Magazine article; The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 278, December 1996Oxford University Press, Compact Oxford English Dictionary,2007 {www document} URL http://www.askoxford.com/firstnames/karma?view=uk, Accessed May 29,2007Ward, P.C. Emerson and Theosophy, A Paper read before the Chiswick Lodge of the Theosophical Society ,December 12th, 1892, 1894 {www document}   http://www.theosophical.ca/EmersonTheosophyPCW.html, Accessed May 29,2007Oxford University Press, (2007)  IbidWard, Emerson and Theosophy by P.C. Ward, F.T.S.   A Paper read before the Chiswick Lodge of the Theosophical Society ,December 12th, 1892, 1894 {www document}   http://www.theosophical.ca/EmersonTheosophyPCW.html, Accessed May 29,2007  IbidGuarino,   Out from the Cocoon Timberlake Re-emerges without Squeaky Clean Image; Daily Herald (Arlington Heights, IL), August 24, 2006 New Fowler's Modern English Usage , Magazine article; The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 278, December 1996 Ward, Emerson and Theosophy, see above David Kaufer, Suguru Ishizaki, Brian Butler, Jeff Collins, The Power of Words: Unveiling the Speaker and Writer's Hidden Craft ; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004

internet and travel essays

internet and travel essays In the past ten to twenty years the internet has opened up a world one could have never have imagined. It has made the inconvenience of everyday life convenient. People can do just about anything one the internet today, one thing in particular is arranging travel. There are many issues associated with arranging travel on the internet, such as; security, price, e-tickets, and convenience. I have conducted research on the following three web sites, www.expedia.msn.com , www.priceline.com . and www.cheaptickets.com . I have found these web sites have many accomodating features to help plan your vacation from start to finish. Firstly, the matter of security is probably the most important. If a consumer is revealing personal information or credit card numbers on the internet , that person wants to be sure the information is secure. All of the web sites researched have their policy pages which outline the security policies of that particular web site. To start with, Expedia.msn.com is a member of TRUSTe, an independent, non-profit initiative that exists to help people feel confident about using the internet. TRUSTe aims to build this confidence by promoting the principles of disclosure and fair information practices among web sites that participate in the program. Principle 1 states that, sites will explicitly ask when they need information that personally identifies you, 2 says that, sites and their necessary service partners use your personal information to operate the sites and services and to inform you of new features, services, and products from Microsoft and its affiliates, 3 states, if a web si te intends to use personal information for a Secondary Use, the site will provide you with instructions on how to decline the service, 4 says, sites that are primarily directed at children will not use Personal Information for a secondary use without obtaining the consent of a parent or gaurdain...

The Field Written by John B. Keane

The Field Written by John B. Keane The Field is a play written by John B. Keane. The play is set in a small village of Southwest Ireland. The main character, Bull McCbe, is a man who transforms a barren rocky piece of land to a fertile field. Years of commitment, hard labor, and dedication enabled him to achieve all these.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Field Written by John B. Keane specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He cultivated this land for a very long time. He even considered owning it. The owner of the plot finally decided to sell it through public auction. To McCbe, this was an opportunity to own the field. Somehow, McCbe succeeded in keeping the town people out of the bid. This disappointed Mick Flanagan, the auctioneer. Much of this was through intimidation. The arrival of William Dee surprised McCbe. The American was on the mission of acquiring land in order to be accepted as part of the societal member. Together with his son, McCbe set out on a mission to convince the stranger to withdraw his bid. Their encounter ended fatally because the stranger was killed. Subsequently, villagers covered-up the story. McCabe was so concerned with his farming to an extent that he did not care about his family. The play explores the importance of land to the people of Ireland during the 20th century. This is observed in the beginning of the play when the father claimed that land was what mattered. He advised the son to acquire huge tracts of land before marrying. He even sacrificed his life for land. He advised his son not to marry a woman who did not own land. Though the actions of MacCbe appeared cruel and violent, they should be understood in a positive way. He was fighting to keep the land because it was a source of livelihood. Moreover, land was important to his children. John Keane uses strong narrative lines that create suspense. In spite of his intimidating character, the villagers still supported him. They beat up the st ranger and killed him, but vehemently protected the McCabe family. The villagers did not trust the legal institutions at all. This is seen from the way they addressed the sergeant, the father, and the Bishop. When Leamy accused McCabe of being a bully, his mother labeled him a weak man who was very different from the rest of men. However, Leamy claimed that the whole village would forget the injustices meted out to innocent people, but his experiences would be remembered forever. This is associated with events that develop later in the play. The death of the son resulted from his father’s stubbornness. The father did actions that really put the son in a compromising position. Tadgh McCabe was always in agreement with his father’s decision. For instance, they had teamed up with his father at night to formulate the ways through which they could kill the stranger. His father’s stubbornness aimed at stopping anybody from interfering with his interests.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More His main interest was acquisition of land. Tadgh and his father McCabe succeeded initially to convince the town people to support them. The truth, however, came out later and contributed greatly to the death of Tadgh. The son died while trying to protect his land from perceived grabbers. This was because of his father’s stubborn teachings. The father informed the priest about the death of the villager, who reported the case to the widow. What was happening in that village was not in line with the international norms and standards. Technology was everywhere and could not be stopped. The society described in the text was lagging behind culturally because marriage could be sacrificed for land. The son could not subscribe to his father’s ideas. In other words, everything they did involved land, which forced the son to escape with his lover.

Frank Lloyd Wright Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Frank Lloyd Wright - Essay Example At the age of eighteen, Wright got admitted into the University of Wisconsin; however he was dropped before two years.3 Then he worked for Chicagoan architect James Lyman Silsbee, where he stayed only for few months. And later as he was employed by Sullivan and Adler, he was highly influenced by Sullivan's work that is now recognized as the first modern architect of America. One the prominent theory of Sullivan, which summed up his experience and knowledge was "form follows function," which meant that buildings design determine their use.4 However, it appeared quite far-reaching then, but was Wright accepted this by his 'Master'. Wright continued for five years with Sullivan where he worked as a designer and a draftsman. He designed the Charnely House, 1891 and worked for the greatest of the Sullivan buildings Chicago. He designed his own house in Oak Park in 1889. 5Later in 1893, to start his own practice in Chicago and Oak Park, he left Sullivan and Adler. Then he went for a year t o Europe, form where upon his return he went to an inherited farmhouse in Spring Green, Wis., where he built the Taliesin, the farmhouse in 1911. Later in 1915, in Tokyo Japan he built the Imperial Hotel, thereafter until its construction in 1922 he stayed in Japan.6 Due to his creativity and a longer period for w... Architectural Work Due to his creativity and a longer period for which he lived and worked, historians have divided his work into three divisions, i.e. the early period from 1893 to 1910, later the mature period between 1910 and 1945 and lastly the later period extending from 1945 to the year 1959.78 Early Period In the initial period of his work and practice, Wright mainly designed apartment buildings, and houses in Oak Park, Ill and Chicago and near townships. Although these buildings didn't actually indicated the pattern he was to follow later, but they represented great design and detail and were quite analogous to the forms of those designed by most of the educational and experimental designers.9 However, in 1902, he built the Willits House which contributed to his career, which reflected the signs of the themes he built in his later creations. More specifically, they had exteriors which were low and had wide overhangs and hipped roofs these themes later turned out to be recognized as the Prairie Houses or Style which were one of his identities. The Martin House built in 1904 in Buffalo, N.Y., and the Heurtley House at Oak Park in 1902, were significant in this particular style.10 Moreover one of his greatest creations was the Larkin Company Administration Building in Buffalo in 1904, which was the first of his masterpieces. Not only the design and level of detail were not only significant, but the its interior entrance hall; and the use of air conditioning and plate glass, were of considerable attention then, though it's quite common in houses today, and also the, however this building was demolished in 1905. Soon afterwards he created a number of masterpieces of the Prairie Style; of

Strategic Management of HMV Group Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Strategic Management of HMV Group - Assignment Example (Refer to appendix 1) Competitive advantage is the response of afirm to the pressing need to organize and perform discrete activities. While these needs may not be perpetually spelt out, it is the responsibility of the planners and executers of policies to foresee such situations when catering for growth and development of the firm n various levels. So this implies that the HMV Company needs to employ an individual perspective with an affiliation towards the basic industry type. There are various activities to take into consideration in the case of the HMV Company. The activities performed when competing in a particular industry can be grouped into categories, as these activities can be divided broadly into primary activities and support activities. It has been noted that primary activities are those involved in the ongoing production, marketing, delivery, and servicing of the product. Whereas support activities are those that provide purchased inputs, technology, human resources or the overall infrastructure functions supporting the other activities. Every activity employs purchased inputs, human resources, some combination of technologies, and draws on firm infrastructure such as general management and finance. Activities vary in their importance in regard of competitive advantages from industry to industry. ... While this is a good theory to reckon with, cynics are of the opinion that in today's world there are 'n' number of influences on a firm's activities and not just a set number of the same. In this regard, the HMV Company may make use of clusters which are groups of firms and other broad industries linked to each other on the basis of various skill and their subsets. These function in the sphere of providing the necessary technical and research based support for various customer services, by making use of various institutions and universities apart from interns and other individuals. In the context of the HMV Company, does Porter's theory ask the relevant questions What must the company do to ensure that the industry evolves in a way that is maximally advantageous for the organization in particular What skills and capabilities must the company begin building now if it is to occupy the industry high ground in the future How should the company organize for opportunities that may not fit neatly within the boundaries of current business units and divisions The answers are to be found in not in this theory but in the theories propounded by Gary Hamel, C.K. Prahalad titled Competing for the Future. The authors are of the firm belief that when armed with the information in their findings and subsequent theories, a company can create a pro-active agenda for organizational transformation and can control its own destiny by controlling the destiny of its own industry. Few companies that began the 1980s as industry leaders ended the decade with their leadership in tact and undiminished. Many household name companies saw their success eroded or destroyed by tides of technological, demographic and regulatory change and order-of-magnitude productivity gains made by nontraditional

Pedophilia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Pedophilia - Research Paper Example Pedophile is sexually attracted not towards opposite sex people but towards young children. Pedophiles abuse children in order to satisfy their sexual desires. This is why they pose a threat to the society. Pedophilia is considered as a mental disorder according to the International Classification of Diseases (WHO, 2007). Treatment of this disease is not known today. In this essay we will argue why a crimes like pedophilia are still persistent in our society. Absence of Appropriate Punishment Appropriate punishment can hinder any crime. It is in human nature to give in to emotional desires and only threat of punishment can stop criminals from committing any kind of crime. It is very hard for human beings to control his or her impulses therefore law and order and its enforcement is important in order to maintain the balance of the society. This balance will be only be maintained if appropriate punishment will be given to the criminals in accordance with the crimes they commit. Treatme nt of pedophiles in the justice system is not appropriate and that is why pedophilia is still persistent in our society today. Perpetuators of sexual abuse on children are not punished severely by the criminal system due to many reasons. Mostly children are not able to explain what has happened to them and that is why pedophiles are not identified. ... When sexually abused children feel that this is too part of life and therefore are not likely to report such incidents. This is a big hindrance in the punishment of pedophiles. They take advantage of this and continue their crimes. Also in the justice system there are certain loop holes and pedophiles exploit them to avoid punishments for their crimes. Children can usually not recount what has happened to them and are mostly not able to testify in courts. This is why pedophiles go free and are not convicted in court. It is also hard to prove sexual abuse on children because abuse is different from that on adults. Sexual intercourse usually doesn’t happen with children and pedophiles use different ways to satisfy and pleasure themselves. This is why it is hard to prove sexual abuse on children due to lack of DNA evidence. When sexual intercourse happen DNA tests can easily prove that but this is usually not the case with children. This is another problem in the legal system whi ch is exploited by pedophiles. Also laws made for the sex offenders are based on emotions and do not focus strategically on the eradication of the crime itself (Lynch, M. 2006). This is another reason why punishment received by pedophiles is not enough. The nature of the crime committed by pedophiles is different from other crimes. First of all it is important to understand that pedophilia is a mental disorder. It is not a crime like murder or theft where criminal is committing the crime at his or her own discretion. In the case of pedophilia criminal should be treated as a patient. He is doing the crime because he is mentally sick. This difference should be taken into account before sentencing a pedophile. The sentence of a pedophile should be

Tuesdays with Morrie Essay Example for Free

Tuesdays with Morrie Essay Tuesdays with Morrie is a true story about sportswriter Mitch Albom and his favorite college professor Morrie Schwartz. During Alboms undergraduate years at Brandeis University, when he takes every class taught by his mentor, he and Schwartz form a bond that goes beyond the typical student/teacher relationship. The author, Mitch, who is a teacher in the eyes of hope. After graduation, he entered the community, containing floating up, there was the ideal gradual disillusionment, lifes difficult to face an increasingly large problem. Sixteen years later, he stumbled and mentor college reunion, but this time his teacher only last a few months to live. So, he went to fourteen of his teachers class Mitchvisits his teacher every Tuesday. The teacher, Murray. Schwarz (Morrie Schwartz), one step closer to facing death, honesty saw himself in the face of death, fear and vulnerability, admitted that their love of this world is to accept defeat, but he broke these emotions, to show life after Che Qingming hole and quiet, and with a sense of humor. Murray not only their own courage to face death, read all the documents multiple meanings of death, but through conversations with students Mickey, Mickey because little by little so sophisticated and calloused heart gradually soft, let him look at life. The author dreams fade, narrow field of vision, emotional moments become stiff, have the opportunity to listen to former mentors teachings. People who read this book, it also seems to follow the Church is called to attend the What is Life lesson learned to be the wisdom and warmth. This is the story that will shine, and makes you a lifetime memorable. After graduation, Albom promises to stay in touch with his professor and moves to New York City with the intention of pursuing a career as a professional musician. He spends several frustrating years working odd jobs and wondering what he is doing wrong. He loses touch with all of his college friends and Schwartz. His musical dreams are dying a frustrating death, and he feels like a failure for the first time in his life. Around that time, a favorite uncle passes away from cancer at the age of forty-four. This frightens Albom into action. He returns to school and earns graduate degrees in journalism and business administration from Columbia University in New York. Albom accepts a job as a sports writer and begins working long, grueling hours, determined not to end up at a corporate job he hates like his uncle did. He bounces around the country working for different newspapers and magazines before finally settling at The Detroit Free Press, where his career really begins to take off. As Alboms career grows, so do his income and his material possessions. The more he gets, the more he wants and the harder he works. During this time, he also gets married. His wife wants to start a family, and he promises her someday. One evening while flipping channels on the television, Albom catches the introduction to Nightline and hears the name Morrie Schwartz. His long-forgotten favorite professor is the subject of a Ted Koppel interview. Albom watches in shock as he learns Schwartz is dying of ALS, or Lou Gehrigs disease. Shortly after learning the diagnosis, Schwartz makes an important decision. He isnt going to hide behind his illness. He isnt going to be ashamed or afraid of dying. Hes been a teacher all his life and decides hell teach one final class, teaching his students how to die. Thats where Schwartzs old student and friend Mitch Albom comes in. After seeing the Nightline interview, Albom visits Schwartz and makes another promise to keep in touch. A few weeks later, Alboms newspaper goes on strike, and he is out of a job. Left with too much time on his hands and too many unsettling thoughts in his head, he returns to Massachusetts to see Schwartz. In fact, he returns to Massachusetts every Tuesday until the end of Schwartzs life. After a couple of visits, Albom begins recording their talks, with Schwartzs permission and his encouragement. He wants to share this journey with the world and knows that Albom can help him reach beyond the walls to which his disease has confined him. For the next fourteen weeks, Schwartz and Albom discuss everything from regrets and death to money and marriage, from family to forgiveness. Their conversations and the insights they give into the way Schwartz has lived his life and accepts his death become the foundation around which Tuesdays with Morrie is written.

The Tragedy Of Julius Caesar Reflects The Reality Of Politcs In The Ph :: essays research papers

The Philippines is known to have been through a lot of corruption especially during the Marcos era. Tyranny was prevalent. Absolute power, whether is a king, president or a protector is not only alien to our idea of â€Å"democratic decision† but without fail, gets to be arbitrary despotic and corrupt. Tyranny was at its height during martial law, which began September 1972. William Shakespeare reveals his perception of a corrupt society in his play â€Å"Julius Caesar† . This play is about the assassination of Julius Caesar, dictator of Rome. His assassination by the conspirators , Brutus and Cassius was brought about by a lot of motives. Cassius’ purpose is merely his envy and his greed for power. Brutus is concerned for the good of Rome. He did not want Rome to suffer in the hands of a tyrant. Caesar’s character is not only judged by what he says or does but mostly what others think of him. To the common people he is a hero, but to the sonspirators he is a traitor to Rome. It is evident that Caesar can easily be moved by flattery which led to his death. Shortly before his death, he didn’t want to go to the capital because he gave in to Calpurnia’s fears that he might get killed. However, Decius , one of the conspirators played with his vanity by interpreting Calpurnia’s dream in a way that would flatter him. T his proves that he masks his fears because he wants to cast himself in the role of a god. The play â€Å"Julius Caesar† has its similarity in the person of Ferdinand Marcos. The rise of Ferdinand Marcos began when he pursued law at the University of the Philippines College of Law. During his senior year, he was accused of the murder of Julio Nalundasan, his father’s opponent in the election who won. Marcos defended himself in court but was eventually pronounced guilty. While in prison, he reviewed for the Bar examination. In addition to graduating with honors in his law class, Marcos topped the bar. During the war, he served as a guerilla where he was awarded medals of recognition. He became one of the most decorated hero of the Philippines, eclipsing even the most recognized leaders of the resistance against the Japanese. Marcos gained the support of his and Imelda’s family when they were wedded. In the election of 1965, Marcos then a senator changed affiliation and became the candidate for president of the Nacionalista Party.

Gerbner’s Cultivation Theory and the CSI Effect on Jurors Essay

The Maricopa County Attorney’s Office presented a study in 2005 in which it examined the impact of the so-called â€Å"CSI effect† to its jurors. The data was gathered by means of surveying prosecutors who had jury trial experience, and from there, the study assessed the samples’ perceptions as to whether the â€Å"CSI effect† had played a part in the decision of some juries. Interestingly, although the â€Å"CSI effect† may be deemed an unlikely factor, the study showed that the â€Å"CSI effect† is real and may affect jury behavior (Maricopa County Attorney’s Office, 2005). Television watching, as some media theories have discussed, can create a psychological impact to its viewers especially as it can inevitably serve as an educational source; however, the problem lies in what television can actually teach (Condry, 1989). The presence of the â€Å"CSI effect† in justice and legal systems can be deemed significant especially as to how this may affect the judgment of the members of the jury. The idea that certain television genres, especially along the lines of the highly popular crime drama Crime Scene Investigation (CSI), can affect certain trial outcomes may seem outrageous, but the â€Å"CSI effect† has been established as a ground that connects the real-life justice and legal systems and products of media and entertainment (Smith, Patry and Stinson, 2008; Stevens, 2008; Mardis, 2006). As the effectiveness of the justice system also relies on the effectiveness of its jurors, the impact of the media and entertainment products towards people in this context may be deemed problematic (Stevens, 2008). This is why it is important to evaluate the impact of the â€Å"CSI effect† because of its implications thereby highlighting the relationship between the law and mass communications. The term â€Å"CSI effect† is based on the popular television show Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) and other shows that present the following basic premise: the ability of an (fictional) authoritative group in crime and justice that can expose the truth based on their systematic and sophisticated processes. However, since these shows are made for televisions, it is inevitable that these processes are glamorized and may not be realistic at all. The â€Å"CSI effect† therefore pertains to the influence of such television programs to the perceptions and behavior of the people, especially in relation to the justice and legal systems (Smith, Patry and Stinson, 2008). Stevens (2008) further explains that the â€Å"CSI effect† is based on fictionalized accounts as to what forensic science can do but, due to the twisted conceptions of reality of some viewers, there is the inescapable belief that these components of the shows are something happens in real life. Among the media and communication theories that can serve as fundamental framework of this assessment is Gerbner’s Cultivation Theory. The theory suggests that information sources such as television contribute to the cultivation of the individual and the social environment; therefore, conceptions of reality are formed (Gerbner & Gross, 1976; Gerbner, 1998). This theory can then be based on the concept that stories, as projected, tends to reflect a certain extent of reality, therefore, they animate a society’s cultural environment. As Gerbner (1999, ix) explained the functions of stories, they â€Å"illuminate the all-important but invisible relationships and hidden dynamics of life†; as these stories represent a degree of shared beliefs, the cultivation of these tales and representations therefore create a significant input to the perceived reality of individuals. The Cultivation Theory is also further supported by several studies conducted by Gerber and his colleagues with a focus on the impact of television to real world perceptions. This brings an interesting premise as the projected reality is based on fictional work; the impact of the cultivation thereby leads to behavioral effects. Television shows, as Gerbner (1998) pointed out, are important marketing tools that have affected not only the people’s perceptions but also their identity and expectations from the society. The validity of television can be based on its function, being a source of information and spectacle representing the shared images and history across many societies (Gerbner, 1998). This paper therefore aims to evaluate the relationship of Gerbner’s Cultivation Theory with the â€Å"CSI effect†, especially as to how this has affected and may affect juror perceptions and judgments. This study addresses this thesis by conducting a review of a series of related literatures that are deemed integral to a better and cohesive understanding between this phenomenon and the theory of cultivation. The findings and implications discuss the degree of impact of the â€Å"CSI effect† and whether this is something that the justice system should seriously consider and devote effort to. Furthermore, approaches towards the Cultivation Theory are also addressed especially in terms of its applicability to the â€Å"CSI effect† and juror behavior. The study then concludes with an analysis on how the findings may actually help in the formulation of a more effective jury screening process. Review of Literature Gerbner’s Cultivation Theory, the Media, and the Television A series of studies conducted by Gerbner and his colleagues tackled the effect of the television and its contribution to the formation of reality among its viewers which are, interestingly, found to be similar to the world in these television shows. Functioning under the umbrella of the Cultivation Theory, the studies also initiated cultivation analyses and the identification of cultural indicators that were also deemed to contribute to reality- and perception-formation among television viewers. As Gerbner (1998) explained these processes, the activity was spawned from the previous examinations on how stories, in general, may be formed for the purpose of manufacturing and marketing purposes. Television is therefore seen as an important medium in story-telling, especially how technological innovations seem to have continuously supported the role of the television in the society. As Gerbner’s studies (1998, 1999; Gerbner & Gross, 1984; Gerbner, Gross, Morgan & Signorelli, 1984) have emphasized the role and importance of television, the origins of cultivation found its venue in this particular technology and social tool. This is because media messages can be easily accessed through television, therefore the cultivation of social reality may be based on what the media feeds its viewers. However, as Gerbner (1998) noted, although the television may be an important tool, it merely plays an integral aspect in the overall dynamics of information processes and conception-formation. This is to say that, for instance, a person may be a huge fan of CSI because of its entertainment value, but the same person is also well-aware that what he or she is appreciating is fiction and not necessarily real and factual. Hence, it can be gathered from the cultivation theory that although television plays an integral role, its effect is not absolute as people are continuously exposed to many channels of information and messages (Gerbner, 1998). The cultivation, on one hand, is seen to be more effective is the viewer is experiences a repeated exposure to particular television images (Gerbner & Gross, 1976). The definition of cultivation is thereby defined as â€Å"the independent contributions television viewing makes to viewer conceptions of social reality. The ‘cultivation differential’ is the margin of difference in conceptions of reality between light and heavy viewers in the same demographic sub-groups† (Gerbner, Gross, Morgan and Signorielli, 1994, 23). An analysis towards Gebner’s theory is presented by Hughes (1980) who presented some shortcomings in the studies presented by the former and his colleagues in the context of the effect of violence in television to the perceived reality. The initial cultivation theory studies conducted by Gerbner in the1970s generally made use of the following controls: age, sex and education. Hughes pointed out that there were more factors that could affect the responses of the sample that participated in the General Social Survey such as race and income. This shows that the applicability of the cultivation theory is limited; hence, how television content may cultivate certain conceptions among individuals may be more minimal impact than expected. One of the studies that applied the notion of cultivation theory is a study conducted by Shrum (1999) where the author measured attitude strength and attitude extremity as implications of Gerbner’s cultivation theory. Shrum’s initial approach to the study was to weigh in theories along the lines of Gerbner’s work and its critics such as those presented by Hughes (1980). Basically, the author agreed with the identified shortcomings of Gerbner’s work although the criticisms were mostly based on the process Gerbner and his team used. Shrum also pointed out that one of the probable weaknesses of Gerbner’s work was the identification of the two main categories of samples in addition to the previously identified controls of age, sex and education: participants who were heavy television viewers and those who were light television viewers. The main purpose of Shrum’s study was to evaluate the impact of television towards the attitudes demonstrated. Although Shrum showed that what could limit Gerbner’s work was the issue on the lack of efficient design, the author approached the study in a similar manner — by comparing the results between heavy and light viewers — as a means to identify differences. The categorization between the heavy and the light viewers would prove to be simplistic yet substantial in the author’s approach especially as the samples he used fell in the same demographic categories which were students. The study’s result showed that it reflected Gerbner’s cultivation theory; apparently, heavy television watchers were found to have the tendency to perceive a â€Å"television world† as compared to the light television watchers. The study examined students who watched soap operas, hence, from the results, the sampled heavy viewers were found to have the tendency to experience more distrust and possibly, more marital problems. Shrum (1999) utilized regression approaches and analyses in order to come up with this conclusion. A similar study can be also found in Quick’s (2009) assessment of variation among patient response as based on whether they watch the medical drama Grey’s Anatomy. The study found that patients who heavily watched the show are most likely to have positive associations in terms of their perceptions towards doctors. The perception, according to this study, is not necessarily based on the positive portrayal of the doctors but rather the show was seen as a credible reference to what happens in the hospitals and how doctors can be expected to behave in this space. Hence, despite the presence of both positive and negative portrayals of medical professionals, heavy viewers of this particular show count the courageous and compassionate aspects of the fictional characters, hence, the study found that these patient-viewers have a positive perception towards their physicians. Quick (2009) mentioned, however, that although this context does not necessarily provide harm, the problem is that the sensationalization of the show may further cultivate wrong or high expectations from patients. Quick (2009) further mentioned that the implications of such results can be used to communicate accurate depictions such as, in the case of Grey’s Anatomy, conveying important health-related information. In a sense, by using the fictional channel such as television, viewers are able to be more informed in important issues. This is discussed by Appel (2008) in which the television plays an integral role in just-world beliefs; as Appel mentioned, the cultivation of beliefs can be specially affective among those who heavily watch television. Appel (2008) supported this posit by conducting a comparison study between Austrian and German television viewers; the main purpose of this research was to determine the degree of just-world beliefs among television viewers. The study showed that fictional narratives can change the perceptions of the people, and interestingly, these narratives usually feature a world that is just. Basically, what can be attributed to this impact can be pointed at the content of the program. The effectiveness of these messages in the â€Å"television world† is due to the following factors: the stimulation of moral evaluation paired with the presence of resolution, and at the same time, the entertainment value of these programs (Appel, 2008). This is why, according to the author, heavy television viewers especially those who watch a lot of fictional narratives demonstrate a strong belief in a just-world as compared to viewers of infotainment and non-fiction where belief in the mean-world is seen to be more emphasized. From this, content evidently plays a role in the amount of influence to the viewers, but from this study, the fictional programs are seen to be a more effective venue in changing the beliefs of the viewers. When it comes to content, genre plays a very important role. An important point raised by Cohen and Weinmann (2000) is that the viewers themselves unconsciously â€Å"cultivate† themselves through television because the viewers choose which shows to watch. The selection can be based on many factors, from age, education, sex, personality and even life experiences. Since genres vary as based on content and certain plot norms, it can be gathered that social realities in these contexts also differ. Which is why, according to the authors, the view and representations on the world are not similar, and at the same time, these program contents may also present conflicting perspectives. Hence, in the aspect of cultivation, different attitudes and world-views can be formed; Shrum’s (1999) and Quick’s (2009) studies are only therefore applicable to the specific genres they focused on (soap operas and Grey’s Anatomy, respectively) and the results towards attitudes and viewer response may be different if the study evaluated viewer response towards different shows. Cultivation Theory and the Crime TV Genre When it comes to the cultivation impact in crime genres in television, Dominick (1973) examined Gerbner’s theory specifically his studies in cultivation when it comes to crime- or violence-related shows. Dominick mentioned that prior to Gerbner’s study published in 1972, there were already past studies as to the presence of crime-related shows as found on television. In fact, as the author mentioned, it was found that even in the majority of the television shows in the 1950s demonstrated many programs of this genre, and that law enforcers were already highly stereotyped. Dominick (1973) cited Gerbner’s previous study as a stepping stone to further analyze crime and violence on television; according to the author, Gerbner’s studies, which covered television shows in the later half of the 1960s, showed a significant amount of violence and crime on television yet, in reality, there was the noted decrease in violence among criminals but the law enforcers maintained a certain degree of violence. In reflection, Dominick noted that on television, the law enforcers were seen as the main authoritative figure that always saves the day. Hence, in agreeing with Gerbner’s study, Dominick’s analysis lead to further contribution as to the role of cultivation theory especially as to how the audiences are influenced on their stereotype perceptions, especially in crime- and violence-related shows. Stereotyping seems to be a common element in television crime shows especially as this genre play up certain norms when it comes to the supposed social reality of crime. What is interesting is that racial elements were found to be contributory to these portrayals. For instance, in a study by Dixon (2007), the author noted that responses from heavy television viewers of crime-related programs are most likely the ones to reflect a racial bias in the identification of the perpetrator and the police officer. This shows that even though fact-based programs such as the news present reality, as also adapted in fictional programs, there is the aspect of racialized portrayals. Hence, cultivation in this context has led to certain media imageries that have become a social reality based on the collective perception towards crime racial stereotypes. However, what challenges this is presented by a study conducted by Grabe and Drew (2007) in which the authors examined how crime in the media would actually successfully cultivate specific crime orientations. According to the authors, the study of crime in the media has been a prominent subject in studying cultivation. Grabe and Drew conducted a study among 505 selected adults located in Indiana, and from this, the study concluded that there was a significant variance depending on the many media genres and channels. Hence, the study showed that crime orientation among individuals may not be as strongly influenced by the media especially as viewers have different personal orientations that may affect their own worldviews. This is also reflected by a study executed by Diefenbach and West (2001) in which the authors tested the effect of cultivation theory when it comes to perceptions on violence and crime as seen on television. However, Diefenbach and West also showed results which point at the influence of light versus heavy viewers perceptions. The study showed that projections on crime rates are higher among heavy television viewers. On one hand, it should be also noted that in this study, as the authors pointed out, the samples were limited among the participants from a small North Carolina town with crime rates below the national average. The background of the participants can then be said to factor into perceptions, which is to say, for instance, that projections from samples from a small town may differ from those from the city who have a greater exposure to criminal incidences in their communities. Another variation of a study applying the cultivation theory in crime television is conducted by Heath and Petraitis (1987). According to the study, adapted perceptions projected from the â€Å"television world† were believed to be mostly realistic in distant settings and not in their immediate environment. The study concluded that the fear viewers feel towards crime are more apparent among viewers who see the possibility of such incidents in a distant urban setting rather than in their neighborhood. Basically, based on these applications of the cultivation theory in the crime genre, it can be observed that the varying results are due to the different impacts of many factors. It is evident that one of the crime genre norms is the utilization of stereotyped portrayals which, in the end, does lead the viewers to make certain conclusions thereby affecting their crime orientations. On one hand, other studies further look at the derivatives at the actual effect of crime television exposure among the viewers, and this shows that the cultivation theory is applicable only up to a certain extent. The validity of Gerbner’s cultivation theory still has to rely on the background of the viewers, the relevance of the show’s content to the viewers’ reality, and the amount of media exposure a viewer may have. Hence, it is possible that some viewers demonstrate a quintessential example or a manifestation of Gerbner’s cultivation theory, but as time went on and as can be seen in the more recent cited studies on audience response towards crime television, perceptions in this context are not homogenous. The impact of television towards perception and behavior can then be regarded on a case-to-case basis, especially as audience exposure is no longer limited to the offerings of television, in addition to the fact that there has been also the emergence of sub-genres among many other shows.